Showing papers on "Entrepreneurship published in 2004"
TL;DR: In a qualitative study of the emerging field of HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada, it was found that institutional entrepreneurship involved three sets of critical activities: the occupation of “subject positions” that have wide legitimacy and bridge diverse stakeholders.
Abstract: In a qualitative study of the emerging field of HIV/AIDS treatment advocacy in Canada, we found that institutional entrepreneurship involved three sets of critical activities: (1) the occupation of “subject positions” that have wide legitimacy and bridge diverse stakeholders, (2) the theorization of new practices through discursive and political means, and (3) the institutionalization of these new practices by connecting them to stakeholders’ routines and values.
1,876 citations
TL;DR: Structural equation modeling revealed a web of relationships that impact venture growth and communicated vision and self-efficacy were related to goals, and tenacity was related to new resource skill.
Abstract: Previous research on entrepreneurship as well as goal, social-cognitive, and leadership theories has guided hypotheses regarding the relationship between entrepreneurial traits and skill (passion, tenacity, and new resource skill) and situationally specific motivation (communicated vision, self-efficacy, and goals) to subsequent venture growth. Data from 229 entrepreneur-chief executive officers and 106 associates in a single industry were obtained in a 6-year longitudinal study. Structural equation modeling revealed a web of relationships that impact venture growth. Goals, self-efficacy, and communicated vision had direct effects on venture growth, and these factors mediated the effects of passion, tenacity, and new resource skill on subsequent growth. Furthermore, communicated vision and self-efficacy were related to goals, and tenacity was related to new resource skill.
1,837 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a rich tradition of analyzing the role of both localization and urbanization economies, by extending the focus to the organization of economic activity within a spatial dimension and examine how different organizational aspects influence economic performance.
Abstract: This chapter focuses on the geographic dimensions of knowledge spillovers. The starting point comes from the economics of innovation and technological change. This tradition focused on the innovation production function however it was aspatial or insensitive to issues involving location and geography. However, empirical results hinted that knowledge production had a spatial dimension. Armed with a new theoretical understanding about the role and significance of knowledge spillovers and the manner in which they are localized, scholars began to estimate the knowledge production function with a spatial dimension. Location and geographic space have become key factors in explaining the determinants of innovation and technological change. The chapter also identifies new insights that have sought to penetrate the black box of geographic space by addressing a limitation inherent in the model of the knowledge production. These insights come from a rich tradition of analyzing the role of both localization and urbanization economies, by extending the focus to the organization of economic activity within a spatial dimension and examine how different organizational aspects influence economic performance. While the endogenous growth theory emphasizes the importance of investments in research and development and human capital, a research agenda needs to be mapped out identifying the role that investments in spillover conduits can make in generating economic growth. It may be that a mapping of the process by which new knowledge is created, externalized and commercialized, hold the key to providing the microeconomic linkages to endogenous macroeconomic growth.
1,213 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Shane as discussed by the authors provides an in-depth analysis of the four major factors that jointly influence spinoff activity: the university and societal environment, the technology developed at universities, the industries in which spinoffs operate, and the people involved.
Abstract: In this unique and timely volume, Scott Shane systematically explains the formation of university spinoff companies and their role in the commercialization of university technology and wealth creation in the United States and elsewhere. The importance of university spinoff activity is discussed and the historical development of university spinoff ventures is traced over time. Scott Shane provides in-depth analysis of the four major factors that jointly influence spinoff activity: the university and societal environment, the technology developed at universities, the industries in which spinoffs operate, and the people involved. He documents the process of company creation, focusing on the formation of spinoffs, the transformation of the spinoff's technology into new products and services, the identification and exploitation of a market for these new products and services and the acquisition of financial resources. Also detailed are the factors that enhance and inhibit the performance of university spinoffs, as well as the effect that they have on the institutions that spawn them.
1,149 citations
Book•
19 Feb 2004TL;DR: Theories, characteristics, and evidence of entrepreneurship are discussed in this article, with a focus on ethnic minority and female entrepreneurship, as well as the role of credit rationing in entrepreneurship.
Abstract: 1. Introduction Part I. Entrepreneurship: Theories, Characteristics and Evidence: 2. Theories of entrepreneurship 3. Characteristics of entrepreneurs and the environment for entrepreneurship 4. Ethnic minority and female entrepreneurship Part II. Financing Entrepreneurship: Debt Finance for Entrepreneurial Ventures 5. Debt finance for new start-ups 6. Other sources of finance 7. Evidence of credit rationing Part III. Running and Terminating an Enterprise: 8. Labour demand and supply 9. Growth, innovation and exit Part IV. Government Policy: 10. Government policy: issues and evidence Part V. Conclusion: 11. Conclusions.
1,131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that a cognitive perspective may provide important insights into key aspects of the entrepreneurial process and suggest that this perspective can help the field of entrepreneurship to answer three basic questions it has long addressed: (1) Why do some persons but not others choose to become entrepreneurs? (2) Why did some persons not others recognize opportunities for new products or services that can be profitably exploited? (3) Why are some entrepreneurs so much more successful than others).
1,061 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the association between four dimensions of organizational culture in family vs. non-family businesses and entrepreneurship and found a nonlinear association between the cultural dimension of individualism and entrepreneurship, with positive linear relationships between entrepreneurship and an external orientation, an organizational cultural orientation toward decentralization, and a long versus short-term orientation.
Abstract: Organizational culture is an important strategic resource that family firms can use to gain a competitive advantage. Drawing upon the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm, this study examines the association between four dimensions of organizational culture in family vs. non-family businesses and entrepreneurship. Using data from 536 U.S. manufacturing companies, the results show a nonlinear association between the cultural dimension of individualism and entrepreneurship. Further, there are positive linear relationships between entrepreneurship and an external orientation, an organizational cultural orientation toward decentralization, and a long- versus short-term orientation. With the exception of an external orientation, each of these dimensions is significantly more influential upon entrepreneurship in family firms when compared with non-family firms.
1,025 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that formal schooling is used to supplement the skill set of those who choose to become entrepreneurs and that individuals may be endowed with a general set of skills, but endowments can be augmented by investment in human capital.
Abstract: Entrepreneurs are generalists who put together teams of people and assemble resources and capital. To do this effectively, they must have a general set of skills. Individuals may be endowed with a general set of skills, but endowments can be augmented by investment in human capital. It is shown that formal schooling is used to supplement the skill set of those who choose to become entrepreneurs.
970 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the manifold posed question: To what extent does investment in human and social capital, besides the effect of talent, enhance entrepreneurial performance? They distinguish between three different performance measures: survival, profits, and generated employment.
Abstract: We investigate the manifold posed question: To what extent does investment in human and social capital, besides the effect of talent, enhance entrepreneurial performance? We distinguish between three different performance measures: survival, profits, and generated employment. On the basis of the empirical analysis of a rich Dutch longitudinal data set of firm founders, we conclude that specific investments indeed affect the three performance measures substantially and significantly. Specific attention is paid to the unobserved talent bias. Moreover, the effect of the emergence of so called "knowledge industries" is explored.
927 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that the propensity to become a business owner is a nonlinear function of wealth, and that the relationship between wealth and entry into entrepreneurship is essentially flat over the majority of the wealth distribution.
Abstract: The propensity to become a business owner is a nonlinear function of wealth. The relationship between wealth and entry into entrepreneurship is essentially flat over the majority of the wealth distribution. It is only at the top of the wealth distribution—after the ninety‐fifth percentile—that a positive relationship can be found. Segmenting businesses into industries with high– and low–starting capital requirements, we find no evidence that wealth matters more for businesses requiring higher initial capital. When using inheritances as an instrument for wealth, we find that both past and future inheritances predict current business entry, showing that inheritances capture more than simply liquidity. We further exploit the regional variation in house prices and find that households that lived in regions in which housing prices appreciated strongly were no more likely to start a business than households in other regions.
TL;DR: Lee et al. as discussed by the authors explored whether connections exist among regional social characteristics, human capital, and new firm formation and found that social diversity and creativity have a positive relationship with new firm creation.
Abstract: Lee S. Y., Florida R. and Acs Z. J. (2004) Creativity and entrepreneurship: a regional analysis of new firm formation, Regional Studies38, 879-891. Understanding the factors that promote or mitigate new firm birth is crucial to regional economic development efforts, since a high level of new firm creation significantly contributes to regional economic vitality and is a major signal of a dynamic economy. The literature suggests that various factors such as unemployment, population density/ growth, industrial structure, human capital, the availability of financing and entrepreneurial characteristics significantly influence regional variation in new firm birth rates. This study explores whether connections exist among regional social characteristics, human capital and new firm formation. It argues that social diversity and creativity have a positive relationship with new firm formation. Building on the contributions of urbanist Jane Jacobs, Lee, Florida and Gates (2002) showed that social diversity and human...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors track the life histories of 223 Swedish new ventures started between January and September 1998 by a random sample of firm founders and explore the effect of legitimating activities on the hazard of disbanding and the transition to other firm organizing activities during their first 30 months of life.
TL;DR: Despite the ubiquity of business planning education in entrepreneurship, there is little evidence that planning leads to success as mentioned in this paper, despite the theoretical and historical underpinnings of such education.
Abstract: Despite the ubiquity of business planning education in entrepreneurship, there is little evidence that planning leads to success. Following a discussion of the theoretical and historical underpinni...
TL;DR: Extending previous theorizing on cultural diversity's organizational effects by integrating value-in-diversity and social identity perspectives with the framework of Blau's (1977) theory of heterog...
Abstract: Extending previous theorizing on cultural diversity's organizational effects by integrating value-in-diversity and social identity perspectives with the framework of Blau's (1977) theory of heterog...
TL;DR: This paper revisited the existing literature to address some of the conceptual and methodological issues and the controversies that have lin ered around them and to highlight important advancements that have koken through conventional frameworks of this lasting sub-ect matter.
Abstract: In the past thirty years, many concepts and theories on ethnic entrepreneurship have been developed, challenged, and revised to provide a fuller account of the phenomenon. This article revisits the existing literature to address some of the conceptual and methodological issues and the controversies that have lin ered around them and to highlight important advancements that have koken through conventional frameworks of this lasting sub’ect matter. It first reexamines the meaning and nority, ethnic economy, and enclave economy, arguing that ethnic social structures in which entrepreneurs are embedded must be stressed in the understanding of these concepts. It then draws attention to the convergencies and controversies in research on the causes and consequences of entrepreneurship. Finally, it highlights two interrelated conceptual advancements in the study of ethnic entrepreneurship - transnational entrepreneurship and the synergy of entrepreneurship in community building. analytical distinction o f‘ such relevant concepts as the middleman mi
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of how to conceive entrepreneurship when considered as a societal rather than an economic phenomenon are explored and reflected upon, and three crucial and connected questions that can reconstruct the future research agendas of entrepreneurship studies and that can guide us towards a geopolitics of everyday entrepreneurship are developed.
Abstract: This paper seeks to explore and to reflect upon the implications of how to conceive entrepreneurship when considered as a societal rather than an economic phenomenon. To conceive and reclaim the space in which entrepreneurship is seen at work in society, we point at the geographical, discursive and social dimensions from where we develop three crucial and connected questions that can reconstruct the future research agendas of entrepreneurship studies and that can guide us towards a geopolitics of everyday entrepreneurship: what spaces/discourses/stakeholders have we privileged in the study of entrepreneurship and what other spaces/discourses/stakeholders could we consider?
TL;DR: Audretsch et al. as mentioned in this paper introduced a new factor, entrepreneurship capital, and linked it to output in the context of a production function model, and estimated several different measures of entrepreneurship capital for German regions.
Abstract: Audretsch D. B. and Keilbach M. (2004) Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance, Regional Studies38, 949-959. The neoclassical model of the production function, as applied by Solow when building the neoclassical model of growth, linked labour and capital to output. More recently, Romer and others have expanded the model to include measures of knowledge capital. This paper introduces a new factor, entrepreneurship capital, and links it to output in the context of a production function model. It explains what is meant by entrepreneurship capital and why it should influence economic output. A production function model including several different measures of entrepreneurship capital is then estimated for German regions. The results indicate that entrepreneurship capital is a significant and important factor shaping output and productivity. The results suggest a new direction for policy that focuses on instruments to enhance entrepreneurship capital. Audretsch D. B. et Keilbach M. (2004) Le capital en...
TL;DR: Fritsch et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the impact of new business formation on regional employment change, and considerable time lags were identified by applying the Almon lag model and it was found that new firms can have both a positive and a negative effect on local employment.
Abstract: Fritsch M. and Mueller P. (2004) Effects of new business formation on regional development over time, Regional Studies38, 961-975. In the analysis of the impact of new business formation on regional employment change, considerable time lags were identified. The structure and extent of these time lags were investigated by applying the Almon lag model and it was found that new firms can have both a positive and a negative effect on regional employment. The results indicate that the indirect effects of new business formation (crowding out of competitors, improvement of supply conditions and improved competitiveness) are of greater magnitude than the direct effect, i.e. the jobs created in the new entities. The peak of the positive impact of new businesses on regional development is reached about 8 years after entry. Fritsch M. et Mueller P. (2004) Les effets temporels de la creation d'entreprise sur l'amenagement du territoire, Regional Studies38, 961-975. Cette analyse des effets de la creation d'entreprise...
TL;DR: In this article, cognitive approaches to creativity are discussed as they relate to an important task of entrepreneurs: generating novel and useful ideas for business ventures, and the paradoxical role of knowledge, which can either enhance or inhibit creativity.
TL;DR: Chia as discussed by the authors argues that the traditional education system stultifies rather than develops the requisite attributes and skills to produce entrepreneurs, and proposes that if entrepreneurs are to be developed, considerable changes are required in both the content and process of learning.
Abstract: Examines the characteristics and role of the entrepreneur and the challenges for business schools posed by the need to develop more enterprising individuals. Argues that the traditional education system stultifies rather than develops the requisite attributes and skills to produce entrepreneurs, and proposes that if entrepreneurs are to be developed, considerable changes are required in both the content and process of learning. In particular it suggests that there needs to be a shift in the emphasis from educating “about” entrepreneurship to educating “for” it. Stresses equally that entrepreneurship should not be equated with new venture creation or small business management, but with creativity and change. In this context proposes that educational institutions need to change the process of learning to enable their students to develop their right brain entrepreneurial capabilities as well as their left‐brain analytical skills. As Chia argues, business schools need to weaken the thought processes so as to encourage and stimulate the entrepreneurial imagination.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed existing research on managing people within small and emerging firms and highlighted additional questions that have not yet been addressed, concluding that the existing literature presents an often-confounded relationship between size and age, between the issues important to small firms and the issues more relevant to young ones.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a description of the processes that position people as "men" and "women" within entrepreneurial practices and as "entrepreneurs" within gender practices, relying on an ethnographic study carried out in small enterprises in Italy.
Abstract: Traditional literature and research on entrepreneurship relies on a model of economic rationality alleged to be universal and agendered. This article presents a description of the processes that position people as ‘men’ and ‘women’ within entrepreneurial practices and as ‘entrepreneurs’ within gender practices, relying on an ethnographic study carried out in small enterprises in Italy. Our analysis shows how gender and entrepreneurship are enacted as situated practices and how the codes of a gendered identity are kept, changed and transgressed by constantly sliding between different symbolic spaces. In particular we highlight five processes of the symbolic construction of gender and entrepreneurship: managing the dual presence, doing ceremonial and remedial work, boundary-keeping, footing and gender commodification. We then propose a final metaphor which conveys a summary image of these processes. In concluding, we link our analysis to the original purpose of our investigation, highlighting not only how entrepreneurship is equated with the masculine, but also how alternative and possible forms of entrepreneurship exist, in the same way as different forms of gender.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the decisions of entrepreneurs to exploit business opportunities from a resource-based view, finding that entrepreneurs are more likely to exploit opportunities when they perceive more knowledge of customer demand for the new product, more fully developed necessary technologies, greater managerial capability, and greater stakeholder support.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that opportunity identification is a competency that can be developed as are other unique competencies and that the entrepreneurship classroom is an appropriate venue for developing the skills necessary to improve the ability to identify opportunities.
Abstract: Opportunity identification is emerging as an important content area in entrepreneurship education. We propose that opportunity identification is a competency that can be developed as are other unique competencies and that the entrepreneurship classroom is an appropriate venue for developing the skills necessary to improve the ability to identify opportunities. Using a variation of a Solomon Four Group Designed experiment, our results show that individuals can learn processes of opportunity identification and improve both the number of ideas generated and the innovativeness of those ideas. In addition, the results indicate that a predisposition toward innovation does not significantly alter the ability to learn processes of opportunity identification.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors combine a conceptual analysis with an analysis of economic reality, both in the U.S.A. and in Europe, and conclude that the importance of close links between incubators and business angels networks is emphasized.
Abstract: One of the biggest barriers for the development of incubators in Europe is the lack of entrepreneurship and the underdevelopment of seed financing and business angel networks. While incubation is increasingly being used as a tool for promoting entrepreneurship and start-ups, leading to new policy incentives, the content of the concept is becoming more and more polysemic. Completely different approaches tend to be associated with the incubator concept, which hence becomes more of an umbrella concept. This paper aims to combine a conceptual analysis with an analysis of economic reality, both in the U.S.A. and in Europe. It warns against non-accurate evaluations of the impact of incubators if one does not take into account the different types of incubators. The paper focuses on the dynamic process of incubatio and concludes by underlining the importance of close links between incubators and business angels networks.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the extent and mechanisms through which academic scientists contribute not only human capital but also social capital to entrepreneurial firms and found that scientific careers are central in shaping an academic's social capital which can be translated into critical scientific networks in which entrepreneurial firms become embedded.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the level and determinants of interest in entrepreneurship among university undergraduate students in Singapore based on a large sample survey conducted in 1998 and found a high level of interest, inadequate business knowledge and perceived risk are significant deterrents.
TL;DR: The authors argue that social studies of women entrepreneurs tend to reproduce an androcentric entrepreneur mentality that makes hegemonic masculinity invisible, thereby implicitly reproducing male experience as a preferred normative value.
Abstract: Uses the neologism “entrepreneur mentality” – paying implicit homage to Foucault's govermentality – to highlight how an entrepreneurial discourse is mobilized as a system of thinking about women entrepreneurs which is able to make some form of that activity thinkable and practicable, namely: who can be an entrepreneur, what entrepreneurship is, what or who is managed by that form of governance of economic relations? Discourses on women entrepreneurs are linguistic practices that create truth effects. Argues that social studies of women entrepreneurs tend to reproduce an androcentric entrepreneur mentality that makes hegemonic masculinity invisible. They portray women's organizations as “the other”, and sustain social expectations of their difference, thereby implicitly reproducing male experience as a preferred normative value. Taking a deconstructive gaze on how an entrepreneur‐mentality discourse is gendered, reveals the gender sub‐text underpinning the practices of the scientific community that study women entrepreneurs and, in so doing, open a space to question them.
Book•
05 Jan 2004TL;DR: EntrePRENEURSHIP: A PROCESS PERSPECTIVE equips potential entrepreneurs with the tools and insight for success as discussed by the authors, which covers the entire process of building a business, from recognizing opportunity and building a team, and then assembling finances, the business plan, legal issues, marketing, growth, and exit strategies.
Abstract: Current, comprehensive, and cutting edge, ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A PROCESS PERSPECTIVE equips potential entrepreneurs with the tools and insight for success. With solid theory and relevant examples, this thorough resource covers the entire process of building a business. Seasoned instructors and entrepreneurial authorities, Professors Baron and Shane deliver a practical, applied process approach with a multidisciplinary perspective, drawing on knowledge from the studies of economics, psychology, and other areas. The book begins with recognizing opportunity and building a team, and then moves through assembling finances, the business plan, legal issues, marketing, growth, and exit strategies. Rather than getting bogged down in excessive discussions of theory, Baron and Shane use real-world examples to illustrate how students can apply chapter concepts to their own business ventures. Thoroughly updated and revised based on student and professor feedback, the second edition adds a chapter on legal issues specific to entrepreneurs--including intellectual property considerations--and an appendix on key accounting principles entrepreneurs should know. A new chapter on growth strategies for new ventures is coupled with a chapter on managing new ventures for growth. In addition, new boxed features shed light on common myths and misperceptions about entrepreneurship. The book is also packed with hands-on applications--including a case written specifically for each chapter--giving students experience putting text concepts into real-world action.