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Equal-cost multi-path routing

About: Equal-cost multi-path routing is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 10472 publications have been published within this topic receiving 249362 citations.


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Proceedings ArticleDOI
21 Jan 2013
TL;DR: This paper proposes a load balanced routing protocol based on the RPL protocol, named LB-RPL, to achieve balanced workload distribution in the network, and demonstrates the performance superiority of this protocol over original RPL through extensive simulations.
Abstract: The RPL routing protocol published in RFC 6550 was designed for efficient and reliable data collection in low-power and lossy networks. Specifically, it constructs a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) for data forwarding. However, due to the uneven deployment of sensor nodes in large areas, and the heterogeneous traffic patterns in the network, some sensor nodes may have much heavier workload in terms of packets forwarded than others. Such unbalanced workload distribution will result in these sensor nodes quickly exhausting their energy, and therefore shorten the overall network lifetime. In this paper, we propose a load balanced routing protocol based on the RPL protocol, named LB-RPL, to achieve balanced workload distribution in the network. Targeted at the low-power and lossy network environments, LB-RPL detects workload imbalance in a distributed and non-intrusive fashion. In addition, it optimizes the data forwarding path by jointly considering both workload distribution and link-layer communication qualities. We demonstrate the performance superiority of our LB-RPL protocol over original RPL through extensive simulations.

119 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both power efficient gathering sensor information system and DSR routing protocols, and hybridization of genetic algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths.
Abstract: Energy consumption is one of the constraints in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The routing protocols are the hot areas to address quality-of-service (QoS) related issues, viz., energy consumption, network lifetime, network scalability, and packet overhead. The key issue in WSN is that these networks suffer from the packet overhead, which is the root cause of more energy consumption and degrade the QoS in sensor networks. In WSN, there are several routing protocols, which are used to enhance the performance of the network. Out of those protocols, dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol is more suitable in terms of small energy density, but sometimes when the mode of a node changes from active to sleep, the efficiency decreases as the data packets need to wait at the initial point, where the packet has been sent and this increases the waiting time and end-to-end delay of the packets, which leads to increase in energy consumption. Our problem is to identify the dead nodes and to choose another suitable path so that the data transmission becomes smoother and less energy gets conserved. In order to resolve these issues, we propose directional transmission-based energy aware routing protocol named PDORP. The proposed protocol PDORP has the characteristics of both power efficient gathering sensor information system and DSR routing protocols. In addition, hybridization of genetic algorithm and bacterial foraging optimization is applied to proposed routing protocol to identify energy efficient optimal paths. The performance analysis, comparison through a hybridization approach of the proposed routing protocol, gives better result comprising less bit error rate, less delay, less energy consumption, and better throughput, which leads to better QoS and prolong the lifetime of the network. Moreover, the computation model is adopted to evaluate and compare the performance of the both routing protocols using soft computing techniques.

118 citations

Patent
29 Oct 1980
TL;DR: In this article, a routing and information system for individual motor vehicle traffic is used, in which by way of stationary routing station poles, route information and local information are transmitted to the passing vehicles.
Abstract: In a method for traffic determination, a routing and information system for individual motor vehicle traffic is used, in which by way of stationary routing station poles, route information and local information are transmitted to the passing vehicles. For the determination of the traffic situation, the traveling times between two routing station poles are measured in individual vehicles with timing units. These traveling times are transmitted, together with the local information of the first routing station pole passed by a vehicle, to the second routing station pole and are considered in determining new route recommendations.

118 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article first classify existing protocols based on different design criteria and then presents a survey of the state-of-the-art routing protocols in this area, illustrating how each of the protocols works, and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Abstract: Wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks, mWSNs, have attracted a lot of attention recently. This is because sink mobility can greatly alleviate the hotspot issue in WSNs and further prolong the network lifetime. However, sink mobility also causes unexpected changes in network topology and data routing paths, which can largely affect the routing performance in such networks. Design of efficient routing protocols for mWSNs has been a critical issue, and much work has been carried out in this aspect. In this article, we first classify existing protocols based on different design criteria and then present a survey of the state-of-the-art routing protocols in this area. We illustrate how each of the protocols works, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we point out some future directions for efficient routing in mWSNs.

117 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
24 Jun 2007
TL;DR: It is shown that a hierarchical routing scheme based on the MAC association procedures offers several benefits with respect to reactive routing in typical sensor network applications.
Abstract: An IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor network is considered, and the relationship between the IEEE 802.15.4 topology formation mechanism and possible routing strategies at the network layer is studied. Two alternative routing schemes proposed in the framework of the ZigBee alliance are analyzed. The first is the well-known ad-hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, which was designed for highly dynamic application scenarios in wireless ad-hoc networks. The second is a tree-based routing scheme based on a hierarchical structure established among nodes during the network formation phase. This latter approach, referred to as HERA (hierarchical routing algorithm) in the paper, routes packets from sensors to sink based on the parent-child relationships established by the IEEE 802.15.4 topology formation procedure. An extensive simulation analysis is carried out to compare HERA and AODV. It is shown that a hierarchical routing scheme based on the MAC association procedures offers several benefits with respect to reactive routing in typical sensor network applications. Moreover, it is to be noted that most sensor network scenarios are concerned with delivery of packets from a series of static sensors to a single, static, sink.

117 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202327
202268
20214
20204
201912
201833