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Equilibrium constant

About: Equilibrium constant is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 11920 publications have been published within this topic receiving 297117 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was pointed out that the possibility of chemical separation of isotopes is a quantum effect and that the difference in the free energies of two isotopic molecules can be directly calculated.
Abstract: It is pointed out that the possibility of chemical separation of isotopes is a quantum effect. This permits a direct calculation of the difference in the free energies of two isotopic molecules. Tables and approximation methods are given which permit a rapid calculation of equilibrium constants if the frequency shifts on isotopic substitution are known. Several applications are discussed.

1,567 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, sufficient thermodynamic data are available to permit calculation of equilibrium constants for a large number of hydrothermal reactions, where the calculations involve entropy estimates, application of average heat capacities, and/or assumptions concerning the temperature dependence of thermodynamic variables and the relative importance of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interaction among the species.
Abstract: Sufficient thermodynamic data are available to permit calculation of equilibrium constants for a large number of hydrothermal reactions. Where the data are incomplete, the calculations involve entropy estimates, application of average heat capacities, and/or assumptions concerning the temperature dependence of thermodynamic variables and the relative importance of electrostatic and non-electrostatic interaction among the species. Temperature stoichiometric activity coefficients for individual ions can be calculated using deviation functions computed from osmotic coefficients for concentrated NaCl solutions. The results of such calculations, together with computed heat capacities, enthalpies, entropies, and equilibrium constants for many hydrothermal species and reactions are presented in tables and diagrams.

1,447 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived a differential rate equation for silica-water reactions from 0-300°C based on stoichiometry and activities of the reactants in the reaction SiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) = H4SiO4(aq) ( ∂a H 4 SiO 4 ∂t ) P.T.

1,186 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Nov 1990-Science
TL;DR: The relative thermodynamic stabilities of each of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids in the alpha-helical versus random coil states have been determined through the design of a peptide that forms a noncovalent alpha- Helical dimer, which is in equilibrium with a randomly coiled monomeric state.
Abstract: Amino acids have distinct conformational preferences that influence the stabilities of protein secondary and tertiary structures. The relative thermodynamic stabilities of each of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids in the alpha-helical versus random coil states have been determined through the design of a peptide that forms a noncovalent alpha-helical dimer, which is in equilibrium with a randomly coiled monomeric state. The alpha helices in the dimer contain a single solvent-exposed site that is surrounded by small, neutral amino acid side chains. Each of the commonly occurring amino acids was substituted into this guest site, and the resulting equilibrium constants for the monomer-dimer equilibrium were determined to provide a list of free energy difference (delta delta G degree) values.

1,154 citations

Book
29 Oct 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a coherent text describing equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties and stable isotope fractionation among the elements of the carbonate system is presented, which should be useful for graduate students and researchers in various fields such as biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, paleoceanography, marine biology, marinechemistry, marine geology, and others.
Abstract: Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas after water vapor in the atmosphere of the earth. More than 98% of the carbon of the atmosphere-ocean system is stored inthe oceans as dissolved inorganic carbon. The key for understanding critical processes of the marine carbon cycle is a sound knowledge of the seawater carbonate chemistry,including equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties as well as stable isotope fractionation.Presenting the first coherent text describing equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties and stable isotope fractionation among the elements of the carbonate system. This volume presents an overview and asynthesis of these subjects which should be useful for graduate students and researchers in various fields such as biogeochemistry, chemical oceanography, paleoceanography, marine biology, marinechemistry, marine geology, and others.The volume includes an introduction to the equilibrium properties of the carbonate system in which basic concepts such as equilibrium constants, alkalinity, pH scales, and buffering are discussed. It also dealswith the nonequilibrium properties of the seawater carbonate chemistry. Whereas principle of chemical kinetics are recapitulated, reaction rates and relaxation times of the carbonate system are considered indetails. The book also provides a general introduction to stable isotope fractionation and describes the partitioning of carbon, oxygen, and boron isotopes between the species of the carbonate system. Theappendix contains formulas for the equilibrium constants of the carbonate system, mathematical expressions to calculate carbonate system parameters, answers to exercises and more.http://www.elsevier.nl/inca/publications/store/6/2/2/4/8/7/index.htt

1,111 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202340
202272
2021107
2020161
2019108
2018134