Equivalence (measure theory)

About: Equivalence (measure theory) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 12717 publications have been published within this topic receiving 253072 citations.

Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research

Abstract: Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.

Assessing Measurement Invariance in Cross-National Consumer Research

Abstract: Assessing the applicability of frameworks developed in one country to other countries is an important step in establishing the generalizability of consumer behavior theories. In order for such comparisons to be meaningful, however, the instruments used to measure the theoretical constructs of interest have to exhibit adequate cross-national equivalence. We review the various forms of measurement invariance that have been proposed in the literature, organize them into a coherent conceptual framework that ties different requirements of measure equivalence to the goals of the research, and propose a practical, sequential testing procedure for assessing measurement invariance in cross-national consumer research. The approach is based on multisample confirmatory factor analysis and clarifies under what conditions meaningful comparisons of construct conceptualizations, construct means, and relationships between constructs are possible. An empirical application dealing with the single-factor construct of consumer ethnocentrism in Belgium, Great Britain, and Greece is provided to illustrate the procedure.

A calculus of mobile processes, II

Abstract: We present the a-calculus, a calculus of communicating systems in which one can naturally express processes which have changing structure. Not only may the component agents of a system be arbitrarily linked, but a communication between neighbours may carry information which changes that linkage. The calculus is an extension of the process algebra CCS, following work by Engberg and Nielsen, who added mobility to CCS while preserving its algebraic properties. The rr-calculus gains simplicity by removing all distinction between variables and constants; communication links are identified by names, and computation is represented purely as the communication of names across links. After an illustrated description of how the n-calculus generalises conventional process algebras in treating mobility, several examples exploiting mobility are given in some detail. The important examples are the encoding into the n-calculus of higher-order functions (the I-calculus and combinatory algebra), the transmission of processes as values, and the representation of data structures as processes. The paper continues by presenting the algebraic theory of strong bisimilarity and strong equivalence, including a new notion of equivalence indexed by distinctions-i.e., assumptions of inequality among names. These theories are based upon a semantics in terms of a labeled transition system and a notion of strong bisimulation, both of which are expounded in detail in a companion paper. We also report briefly on work-in-progress based upon the corresponding notion of weak bisimulation, in which internal actions cannot be observed. 0 1992 Academic Press, Inc.

The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability.

Abstract: or weighted kappa (Spitzer, Cohen, Fleiss and Endicott, 1967; Cohen, 1968a). Kappa is the proportion of agreement corrected for chance, and scaled to vary from -1 to +1 so that a negative value indicates poorer than chance agreement, zero indicates exactly chance agreement, and a positive value indicates better than chance agreement. A value of unity indicates perfect agreement. The use of kappa implicitly assumes that all disagreements are equally serious. When the investigator can specify the relative seriousness of each kind of disagreement, he may employ weighted kappa, the proportion of weighted agreement corrected for chance. For measuring the reliability of quantitative scales, the product-moment and intraclass correlation coefficients are widely

Communicating and Mobile Systems: the Pi-Calculus

Abstract: Glossary Part I. Communicating Systems: 1. Introduction 2. Behaviour of automata 3. Sequential processes and bisimulation 4. Concurrent processes and reaction 5. Transitions and strong equivalence 6. Observation equivalence: theory 7. Observation equivalence: examples Part II. The pi-Calculus: 8. What is mobility? 9. The pi-calculus and reaction 10. Applications of the pi-calculus 11. Sorts, objects and functions 12. Commitments and strong bisimulation 13. Observation equivalence and examples 14. Discussion and related work Bibliography Index.