Showing papers on "European union published in 1984"

United Kingdom national accounts

Abstract: Preface Introduction Calendar of Economic Events PART I: MAIN AGGREGATES AND SUMMARY ACCOUNTS PART II: THE INDUSTRIAL ANALYSES PART III: THE SECTOR ACCOUNTS Non-financial Corporations Financial Corporations General Government Households and Non-profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH) Rest of the World PART IV: OTHER ANALYSES AND DERIVED STATISTICS Percentage Distributions and Growth Rates Fixed Capital Formation Supplementary Tables Non-Financial Balance Sheets Public Sector Supplementary Tables Statistics for European Union Purposes PART V: ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTS UK Environmental Accounts Glossary of Terms Index

European Politics Today

Abstract: 1. Politics in Western Europe: contexts and patterns 2. The democratic political process 3. Sources of political conflict 4. Electoral systems 5. Linkage organisations - political parties 6. Linkage organisations - interest groups 7. Executive government 8. Accountable governments: parliaments 9. Accountable governments: judicial review and civil rights 10. Federalism, devolution and local government 11. The European Union and the member states 12. Democracy in western Europe: stability and political change

European security cooperation and British interests

Abstract: The issue of defence cooperation is now firmly back on the European agenda. The Ministerial Council of the Western European Union, meeting in Paris on 12 June 1984, agreed to set up a working group 'to examine the prospects for reactivating WEU' as the basis for 'a more assertive European presence in the field of defence and security', to report back to a joint meeting of foreign and defence ministers in Rome on 28-9 October.1 President Mitterrand, in his speech before the Dutch parliament in The Hague on 7 February 1984, called for Europe to 'be able to provide more and more for our security. Not only through conventional arms but also through the new facilities that are going to burst upon the world soon.' Chancellor Kohl has urged that 'the European pillar of the transatlantic partnership must be strengthened'; adding significantly that 'Franco-German friendship and close cooperation between our two countries in security policy will strengthen Europe in the North Atlantic Alliance', and that 'we cannot allow the slowest vessel to determine the pace of the whole convoy'.2 The British foreign secretary, Sir Geoffrey Howe, has been rather more cautious but has added his endorsement to the reviving debate. The aim of this article is to examine the issues which underlie this debate, and to consider Britain's interests in responding to the questions raised. We think it unlikely that Western Europe is on the verge of any great leap forward towards political or military union. The modest achievements of the Fontainebleau European Council which met on 25-6 June offer the prospect of continued hard bargaining and at best incremental change across a wide range of economic and political issues in the next two to three years. We do, however, believe that the combination of pressures from within and without Europe which have pushed the issue of defence cooperation to the surface provides sufficient momentum to carry European governments some distance down the road towards greater collaboration in security policy, in arms procurement, and above all in managing their relationship with the United States. The key actors in the debate-as so often before-are the governments of France and Germany, which have been engaged in a confidential bilateral 'defence dialogue' since the summer of 1982. So far Britain has been more ambivalent, hesitating between scepticism about the possibilities of real progress, misgivings about the perceived dangers of undermining the prior commitment to Atlantic solidarity, and reluctance to be left out. We see real dangers for British interests in accepting a secondary role, especially in view of the political, military and industrial interests at stake. The British government may have responded more

Federal Ideas in the European Community: Altiero Spinelli and ‘European Union’, 1981–84

Abstract: DURING THE LAST DECADE ‘EUROPEAN UNION’ HAS BECOME something of a modern catchphrase in the European Community. In its simplest form it is a protean concept which serves as a convenient label for all those who advocate a more regulated and binding Community, though their conception may not necessarily be restricted to the present Community of Ten. ‘European Union’ first emerged at the Paris conference of heads of government in October 1972. There it was agreed that the Community's main objective was to transform, before the end of the decade, ‘the whole complex of the relations of Member States into a European Union’. The communique issued after the Paris meeting of the heads of government on 10 December 1974 reaffirmed this commitment and urged the Community of Nine to ‘agree as soon as possible on an overall concept of European Union’.

African-European Economic Relations Under the Lome Convention: Commodities and the Scheme of Stabilization of Export Earnings

Abstract: Ever since Raul Prebisch, UNCTAD's first Secretary General, called attention to it in his famous 1964 report (UNCTAD, 1964), the commodities problem has been a priority item on the international agenda in the various forums where the North-South dialogue has been taking place. When the First Lome Convention was signed on 28 February 1975 between the nine countries of the European Economic Community (EEC) and forty-six African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) states, it was hailed as a major achievement, exemplary of the New International Economic Order (NIEO) then emerging within the wider framework of the North-South dialogue. In particular, much was made of the EEC countries' attempt to come to grips with the commodities problem by agreeing to set up a scheme (known as "Stabex" in Lome parlance) for the stabilization of export earnings from commodities exported by the ACP states to the EEC. This system, generally held as the most innovative feature of the Lome6 Convention, seemed to meet some, if not all, of the demands voiced by the developing countries in the context of the NIEO on the problem of commodities. Yet, this was by no means a gratuitous gesture on the part of the EEC. In the first place, the Community's acute awareness of its dependence on raw materials imports from the ACP states, as well as of the latter's dependence on raw materials exports to the EEC, tended to make it responsive to the ACP states' demands in the area of commodities. Furthermore, Stabex, as a system of compensatory financing, constitutes only one of several ways to deal with the problem, but by no means the most effective. Lastly, a preliminary analysis of the actual functioning of Stabex over the period covered by the First Lome6 Convention (1975 to 1979) and the first three years of implementation of the Second Lome6 Convention (1980 to 1982) shows that the system is fraught with many deficiencies relating to its mechanism, financial resources, distribution of benefits and actual operation by the Community's authorities. It has now become clear that Stabex has fallen far short of the high expectations which it initially raised, and that it has not been able to solve in a satisfactory manner the commodities problem encountered by the African ACP states.1

Green College lectures: 1984. Medicine in the European communities.

Abstract: The Common Market Treaty conferred on all citizens of the European Communities the right to migrate and work in any other member state. For doctors this entailed the modification of national laws governing access to practice, which required community legislation in the form of directives. To us in Britain the notion of recognising qualifications obtained in another country or held by nationals of another country is not revolutionary, but in the original member states of the European Economic Community, the practice of medicine was virtually restricted to their own nationals who held qualifications awarded in the home country. The Treaty of Rome lays down that the mutual recognition of medical qualifications shall be dependent on the coordination of the conditions of practice?in other words, the educational standards represented by the various countries' qualifications. At the time that the directives were being worded there was disagreement on just how far this had to go. One powerful lobby took the view that mutual recognition could not be introduced until scientific equivalence of the diplomas had been clearly shown. Such a policy, however, would effectively have prevented any medical migration for an indefinite period. A staged approach was therefore required, and two directives were drawn up and finally signed on 16 June 1975.

Intramural health care budgeting

Abstract: In the last years endeavours have been made in several health systems to get a firm grip on the explosive cost development in hospitals which amounts to nearly half of all health care expenditures. The fee-for-service system for doctors coupled with the professional autonomy leads to expansion of quality and quantity of services provided. In many systems hospitals are financed on basis of output items as patient days, examinations and therapies. As hospital costs are in the short run preponderantly constant prices fixed at average costs are higher than marginal costs. This situation favours expansion of services as in that case marginal revenue exceeds marginal cost. Inversely the decrease of services provided generates losses for the hospital. In systems, where financing takes place in the way of budgets like the U.K., Denmark and Italy, the authorities have more influence on the cost development in the system. In systems where the hospitals are financed by social security on basis of output, arrangements are now made to bring budgetary elements in the financing of these institutions. In France the "Budget Global" will be applied to services financed by the Securite sociale. In Belgium arrangements have been made to contain the amount of patient days allowed for reimbursement and in the Netherlands in 1983 budget-financing has been introduced for all general and teaching hospitals. In 1984 this system also applies to all other intramural institutions. If a way has been found to focus the financing mechanism of these institutions on budgeted costs, the way is open for budgeting these institutions. A very important problem in this context is the budget formula, which will be used to determine the budgets. In this respect a distinction can be made between internal and external budgeting. Internal budgeting is understood here as a process whereby the hospital itself puts a limit to the use of resources or adapts its resources to budget constraints coming from the outside. External budgeting can be defined as the budgetary constraint given from the outside by third parties to the hospitals. Of course, both internal and external budgeting are narrowly interrelated. The distinction between these two ways of budgeting should be sought in the character of the budget formula. External budgeting should be based on global indications whilst internal budgeting should be more differentiated than the external budget formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Vehicle overall noise - rolling noise ---internoise 84. international cooperation for noise control. proceedings 1984 international conference on noise control engineering, honolulu, hawaii, 3-5 december 1984, volumes 1 and 2.

Abstract: This short article describes and criticises the propositions for standard test methods to evaluate tyre-road contact noise (rolling noise), made by the Geneva ad hoc "rolling noise" group at the group of rapporteurs on brakes and running gear (grrf). Such methods are thought to be deficient in that they go against current vehicle noise regulations philosophy, and fail to take into sufficient account important parameters such as vehicle geometry and road surface type. Also, the proposed power spectral density (psd) profile of road surfaces required for the tests is very difficult to apply in practice. Methods to overcome these shortcomings are proposed. It is suggested that physical parameters such as acoustical and mechanical impedances may be sufficient to determine the influence of the road surface upon the level of sound emitted. The development of a statistical model of tyre noise which takes into account the effect of tyre width, external diameter, and architecture is also proposed. This would enable manufacturers to decide which tyres needed testing in the first place. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 816933.

Three basic methods for measurement of tire/road noise ---internoise 84. international cooperation for noise control. proceedings 1984 international conference on noise control engineering, honolulu, hawaii, 3-5 december 1984, volumes 1 and 2.

Abstract: This article described work which evaluated and compared three methods which were being considered as potential eec standard test methods for measuring tyre-road noise (the coast-by, trailer and laboratory drum methods). In all three test types, tyres were tested at speeds of 30, 50, 70 and 90 km/hr, with tyres having dimension 165SR15, load of 3.1 kn, and inflation pressure of 180 kpa. For the coast-by and trailer methods, the same 5 road surfaces were tested, ranging from rough to smooth. The laboratory drum method used 3 different surfaces: smooth steel drum, "safety walk" stick on paper, and a replica road surface. The coast-by (cb) noise measurements were taken as the reference against which the tyre-road noise measurements from the trailer (tr) and the drum (dr) were correlated. The results showed that it was possible to use the simple trailer and drum methods to estimate tyre-road noise as measured by the normal coast-by method. The correlation coefficients between dr-cb and tr-cb were both above 0.9 in the important 250-5000 hz sound range. However the dr-cb and tr-cb correlations in both the near field measurements and the third octave band levels were less satisfactory. Simplified drum surfaces such as smooth steel or "safety walk" were unacceptable if high accuracy was required. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 816933.

Medical education and manpower in the European Economic Community.

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