Showing papers on "European union published in 1985"

The Political Economy of Regionalism in Southern Africa

Abstract: Africa & the political economy of regionalism New regionalism Globalisation & regionalisation From co-ordination conference to development community Overview of southern African trade relations Free trade agreement Investment Further marginalisation or integration? The European Union & southern Africa The way forward.

An ever closer union : a critical analysis of the Draft Treaty establishing the European Union

Abstract: Preface by Altiero Spinelli. Published in cooperation with the European Policy Unit, European University Institute, Florence.

Churchill's ‘No’ to Europe: The ‘Rejection’ of European Union by Churchill's Post-War Government, 1951–1952

Abstract: There are several points in post-war history at which, it is argued, Britain lost an early opportunity to enter the European community. The refusals to join the Schuman Plan and Messina deliberations in the 1950s, and the failure of the E.E.C. applications of Macmillan and Wilson, are most commonly mentioned. But some commentators have pointed to another ‘missed opportunity’, following Winston Churchill's return to Downing Street in October 1951. For, in opposition, Churchill had seemed a great exponent of European unity, and several of his ministers – foremost among them the home secretary, Maxwell Fyfe, and housing minister, Harold Macmillan – had shown great enthusiasm for his ideas. Hopes that Churchill's government would favour a more positive approach to European unification were quickly disappointed, however: within weeks the foreign secretary, Anthony Eden, had ruled out any direct British role in Europe's emerging ‘supranational’ institutions, and in 1952 he defeated some determined efforts by Macmillan to change his policy. The ‘pro-Europeans’ did not forget this ‘betrayal’, however. They argued that a real opportunity to take the leadership of Europe had been lost and in the ensuing years, as Britain's failure to join the European community became more generally criticized, their thesis seemed credible. An examination of the evidence, however, allows a very different picture of this ‘missed opportunity’ to be painted.

Enforcement of maritime claims

Abstract: The fourth edition consists of consideration of all aspects of the jurisdiction of English courts and arbitrators over maritime claims, applicable law, judgments, remedies and security interests, including the continuing critical impact of membership of the European Union The comprehensive updating encompasses legislative, convention and judicial developments since the publication of the last edition in 2000 – in particular the replacement of the amended Brussels Jurisdiction and Judgments Convention 1968 by Council Regulation 44/2001 and its effect on other maritime convention jurisdiction provisions, relevant Civil Procedure Rules and judicial interpretation of both

Tuberculosis in animals.

Abstract: THE close association of tuberculosis in man with infection in the domestic animals was elucidated in the 1880’s and the elimination of animal-associated reservoirs of infection remains an essential element in the control of this zoonosis. Difficulties associated with the eradication of the disease in animals include the lack of a dependable diagnostic procedure for use in the companion animals, and the high prevalence ofMycobacterium intracellulare infection in British and Irish cattle which renders the interpretation of the comparative tuberculin test in that species more difficult. Also, the nature of tuberculosis in cattle differs significantly from that in man in that in the former species the diseased animal remains infected for life and is likely to be an “open case”, and as a source of contamination for other animals and its environment. Identification of the prevalence ofM. bovis infection in human patients would serve to identify new foci of infection in animals and would heighten public awareness of the zoonotic nature of this disese.

Current Issues in Auditing

Abstract: PART ONE: THE FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT OF AUDITING Debating Audit Expectations - Christopher Humphrey Auditor's Responsibilities with Respect to Corporate Fraud - Brenda Porter A Controversial Issue Independence - Peter Moizer Corporate Governance and Audit Committees - Paul Collier Audit Firms and the Audit Market - Chris Pong and Stuart Turley Changes in the Legal Environment - David Gwilliam Regulating the Auditing Profession - Prem Sikka Audit Markets in the European Union - Roger Meuwissen and Steven Maijoor Regulation in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands PART TWO: FORMING AN AUDIT OPINION The Auditing Practices Board and Auditing Standards in the UK - Roy Chandler Audit Reports - David Hatherly Developments in Audit Approaches - Andrew Higson From Audit Efficiency to Audit Effectiveness? The Audit Process in Practice - Mike Woodrow Audit Risk and Sampling - Stuart Manson Audit Automation - Stuart Manson, Sean McCartney and Michael Sherer Improving Quality or Keeping up Appearances? PART THREE: SPECIAL CONTEXTS The Auditor and the Smaller Company - Michael Page Auditing in the Financial Services Sector - John Tattersall The Audit Commission - Vanessa Couchman The Audit of Central Government - David Dewar

Studies in comparative chemical mutagenesis.

Abstract: This paper presents a review of various collaborative studies in comparative mutagenesis. The following studies are briefly described: (1) the chemical mutagenesis programme of the European Community, (2) Drosophila studies with various alkylating agents of different s (Swain-Scott) factors, (3) the evaluation by the International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens (ICPEMC) Committee 1, (4) the Environmental Protection Agency's Gene-Tox Programme, (5) the first and second United Kingdom Environmental Mutagen Society (UKEMS) collaborative studies, and (6) the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) collaborative study on in vitro tests. The need for chemical dosimetry is emphasized. One of the main conclusions is that, of the mammalian point mutation assays, the L5178Y (TFTR, trifluorothymidine resistant) system showed greatest detection capability in the second UKEMS study. The consensus conclusion of the IPCS in vitro study was that chromosomal aberrations are considered to be the optimal assay for complementing the Salmonella assay and offer the additional advantage that aneuploidy, polyploidy, and sister chromatid exchanges can also be easily assessed.

How to get Europe moving again

Abstract: In 1984, the interlocking set of problems that had beset the European Community for so long and combined to threaten so many of the high hopes of the post-referendum period were, at last, either resolved or at least eased by the laying down of guidelines for their resolution. I refer, of course, to the settlement of the British contribution to the Community budget, the imposition of milk quotas (the first really serious attempt to tackle the problem of agricultural surpluses), the introduction of a new approach to budgetary discipline, and the agreement on extending the Community's financial 'own resources -which has yet to be ratified by national parliaments. The consequence of all this is that Britain has been released from the cage in which it had been imprisoned by the contribution dispute, and the Community as a whole has been freed to devote its energies to new challenges. The negotiations on the enlargement of the Community to include Spain and Portugal were also brought to their final stages in 1984, and have now been completed. When they enter, a process which began in 1961 with Britain's first application to join the Community will have been brought to a conclusion. (it is hard to see any other applicants on the horizon at present.) It is difficult to overestimate the disruption to the running of the Community that has been caused by the continued need to prepare for enlargement negotiations, engage in them and adjust to their consequences-and, in recent years, to do all three at once. This is therefore an important moment for the Community. Whatever problems the adjustment stage with Spain and Portugal may bring, the Community is on the verge for the first time in twenty-five years of being able to look forward to a period of stable membership. It is against such a background that there has recently been a burst of rhetoric from a number of capitals and in the European Parliament about European union and the need to take a new step in that direction. Heads of government have made speeches, committees have been set up, resolutions have been passed and there is much talk of a new treaty. Whether or not that particular idea comes to fruition-and it would be a mistake to see it in black-and-white terms-there is a sense of movement in the air. One has the feeling of ice breaking up and spring approaching. The words 'European union' create a good deal of difficulty in the English language. They sound clear and firm, like 'United Kingdom' or 'United States', and are often taken to convey the same sort of meaning. In other languages and cultures they imply something less precise, more compatible with separate national identities. In English the concepts of European union and the continued existence of the nation state seem by definition to be incompatible with each other. Elsewhere, that is by no means necessarily the case. To some, European union does represent an ambition to replace the nation state, but to most the two are complementary concepts. The nation state and

Educating the doctor: basic medical education.

Abstract: immunisation before school entry or were passive supporters of such a policy. Other countries which have adopted compulsory measles immunisation have virtually eradicated the disease. This has been most notable in Czechoslovakia and the German Democratic Republic,'7 8 and we have already referred to the practice in the USA, where immunisation is to all intents and purposes compulsory. Moreover, in Canada the medical profession has recently urged its government to adopt a similar approach.'9 We agree with Campbell that it is now time for our profession to follow the example of our colleagues in these countries and press for legislation to protect the rights of children to be free from this potentially dangerous disease.20 We formed the opinion that most parents would welcome a clear cut policy on this matter. Although we have been able to evaluate our health education programme for only a relatively short period, the early results are extremely encouraging in that we appear to have achieved a 13% increase in the uptake during 1984. In the absence of a policy of compulsory immunisation we think that the importance ofadopting such a personal and rigorous approach has much to recommend it. Other health boards in Scotland have adopted different strategies for tackling this pressing problem and this has contributed to the general rise in measles immunisation rates throughout Scotland of 8% on average during the past year.

Continental plans for European union, 1939-1945 (including 250 documents in their original language on 6 microfiches)

Abstract: v. 1. Continental plans for European union, 1939-1945 (including 250 document in their original languages on 6 microfiches) -- v. 2. Plans for European un in Great Britain and in exile, 1939-1945 (including 107 documents in their original languages on 3 microfiches) -- v. 3. The struggle for European unio by political parties and pressure groups in Western European countries, 1945-1950 (including 252 documents in their original languages on 6 microfiches) -- v. 4. Transnational organizations of political parties and pressure groups in the struggle for European union, 1945-1950 (including 129 documents in their original languages on 3 microfiches).

The EEC code for South Africa: a reassessment

Abstract: Writing in The World Today in 1980, James Barber first drew attention to the role of the European Community's Code of Conduct for European firms operating in South Africa as a foreign policy instrument.1 He questioned the motives behind the Code's creation, its potential effectiveness and the varying national responses by the Community's member-states. He offered two interpretations for the Code's future: either it would outlive its 'useful but limited' original purpose of drawing attention to employment malpractices by EEC firms in South Africa and become an ineffectual guardian of the status quo, or, it would develop into a real instrument for reforming apartheid. It is now possible, after six years of reporting, to examine the performance of the Code in an attempt to establish which of the two scenarios has proved the more accurate prediction. Before examing the performance of the Code, it is necessary to understand its role as an EEC foreign policy instrument and the implied constraints and limitations on collective action. Barber argues that the Code has to be regarded as a foreign policy instrument because it is 'a government-inspired initiative': more important, the Code operates within the framework of European Political Cooperation (EPC). It constitutes the Community's only established collective foreign policy towards South Africa and goes beyond the ordinary antiapartheid rhetoric and joint condemnations.2 However, EPC is an informal and voluntary activity undertaken by Community member-states outside the legal boundary of the Treaty of Rome: securing collective action is often only possible where policy is shaped by the lowest common denominator. The provisions of the Code and its record of application reflect these potentially debilitating characteristics of EPC .

Duff Cooper and Western European union, 1944–47.

Abstract: Duff Cooper fell in love with France during his first visit to Paris in 1900 and he remained faithful to her for the rest of his life. The fact that Paris in 1900 was deeply Anglophobic, because of the Boer war, had no effect upon Cooper's feelings for the city. His affection for France was no fair-weather plant. It was deepened by the experience of nine months in the trenches in the Great War and was, thereafter, proof against all discouragements. As a young Foreign Office clerk in 1923 he did not join in the fashionable disparagement of France inspired by the French occupation of the Ruhr. As Minister of War from 1935 to 1937 he fought for the creation of a British army which would be large enough to play a continental role and later, as First Lord of the Admiralty, he was a leading advocate of Anglo-French co-operation. After his resignation in protest against the Munich agreement, Cooper spent his time fostering the idea of an Anglo-French alliance as the corner-stone of a European combination against Hitler's Germany. His love for France even survived the fall of France in June 1940 and, at a time when many francophiles were repenting of their former faith, Cooper renewed his pledges of devotion. Speaking on the wireless as Minister of Information on the eve of the Franco German armistice, he declared his faith that France would rise again: This is not the first time that a great nation has been defeated and has recovered from defeat. They have fought with heroism against superior numbers and superior weapons; their losses have been terrible.' At the Ministry of Information Cooper was one of the earliest patrons of General de Gaulle and his Free French Movement. Given such a long history of Francophilia what could have been more natural than that he should have been appointed as Britain's first post-war ambassador to France. It was not, however, quite so simple as that.

The Section of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care of the European Union of Medical Specialists and Its Contribution to the Professional Status of Anaesthesiology in the European Economic Community

Abstract: The European Union of Medical Specialists was created in 1962. For those of you who are unfamiliar with the development of the European Economic Community, it may be helpful to remind you of a few historical facts. The treaty which created the Community was signed in Rome in 1957. The political leaders who took this initiative were inspired by idealism. At the time, their aims certainly appeared romantic and unreal to most people. Now, more than 25 years later, the functioning of the institutions of the EEC are in many ways still far from perfect, and conflicts of interest between its members are all too evident. In spite of this, there have been many positive achievements. There has been constructive work in the organization of medical practice, as the following account will show.

Exhaust emission from cars in service-changes with amendments to ece regulation 15

Abstract: A number of surveys of emissions from cars in service have been carried out and an analysis has been made of the emissions from vehicles built to the various amendments to ECE regulation 15 in order to discover whether the downward trend in type approval limits has produced lower emissions in practice. The range of emissions measured in the surveys was wide, but the mean values for the "tuned" vehicles complied in most cases with the type approval limits appropriate to the vehicle. The type approval limits were most easily met for the emissions of the oxides of nitrogen; more difficulty was found with the other pollutants. Statistical analysis of the data, comparing emissions from 03-amendment vehicles with others showed that only about one-third of the comparisons had a high probability of being significantly different. But the variability of the data and small sample sizes obscure the downward trend in the mean emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from "tuned" vehicles, which were comparable to the reductions in the type approval limits. More detailed study of emissions at diferent road speeds has shown that the ECE regulation 15 test cycle represents the higher concentrations of carbon monoxide and hyrocarbons, with concentrations falling rapidly at higher average speeds, and a reasonable estimate of oxides of nitrogen levels except for high-speed motoring. Modes of operating, other than a steady speed, are likely to produce higher emissions with high rates of acceleration giving very high emissions. The more detailed study of a vehicle between service intervals shows considerable increase in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations, with servicing reducing emissions to meet the approved level again. (Author/TRRL)