Showing papers on "European union published in 1988"

CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing: Towards the Factory of the Future

Abstract: A. The Meaning of the "I" in CIM.- I. Data and Operations Integration.- II. A Typical CIM Process Chain.- III. The CIM-Enterprise: The Computer Steered Industrial Firm.- IV. CIM Definitions.- B. The Components of CIM.- I. Stage of Development of CIM Components.- a. Production Planning and Control.- 1. Primary Data Management.- 2. Planning Levels.- 3. Degree of Implementation.- 4. New Approaches to PPC Systems.- 4.1 Simultaneous Material and Capacity Management.- 4.2 Load-Oriented Order Release.- 4.3 Kanban.- 4.4 Running Total Concept.- 4.5 MRP II.- 4.6 Decentralization.- b. Computer Aided Design (CAD).- 1. Tasks.- 2. Geometric Models.- 3. CAD Standard Interfaces.- 4. Interactive Control.- c. Computer Aided Planning (CAP).- 1. Work Scheduling for Conventional Processing.- 2. Work Scheduling for NC Machines.- d. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).- 1. Automated Production.- 1.1 Machine Tools.- 1.2 Robots.- 1.3 Storage Systems.- 1.4 Conveyance Systems.- 2. Computerized Organizational Forms for Flexible Production.- 2.1 Processing Centers.- 2.2 Flexible Production Cells.- 2.3 Flexible Production Systems.- 2.4 Production and Assembly Islands.- 2.5 Flexible Transfer Lines.- e. Computer Aided Quality Assurance (CAQ).- f. Maintenance.- II. Interfaces Between CIM Components.- a. Data Relationships Between CAD and CAM.- b. Data Relationships Between PPC and CAD/CAM.- 1. Data Flow From CAD/CAM to PPC.- 1.1 Primary Data.- 1.2 Customer Order Data.- 1.3 Production Order Data.- 2. Data Flow From PPC to CAD/CAM.- 2.1 Primary Data.- 2.2 Customer Order Data.- 2.3 Production Order Data.- C. Implementation of CIM: Information Management.- I. Procedures and Project Management for Developing a CIM Strategy.- II. Establishing Objectives.- III. Definition of CIM Process Chains.- a. Sub-Chain 1: Linking Planning and Control.- b. Sub-Chain 2: Linking CAD and CAM.- c. Sub-Chain 3: Linking Master Data Management (Product Description Database).- d. Sub-Chain 4: Linking Production Control and CAM.- e. Sub-Chain 5: Inter-Company Process Chains.- 1. PPC Integration.- 1.1 Initial Position.- 1.2 Data Exchange.- 1.3 Application Integration.- 1.4 General Effects.- 2. CAD/CAM Integration.- 2.1 Initial Position.- 2.2 Data Exchange.- 2.3 Application Integration.- 2.4 General Effects.- f. Sub-Chain 6: Linking Operative Systems with Accounting and Controlling Systems.- IV. Critical Success Factors.- V. CIM Function Levels.- a. Levels Concept.- b. Tasks of a CIM Level.- VI. Data Structures.- VII. Applications Software.- a. Standard Software.- b. In-House Development Using Pre-Fabricated Components and Standards.- c. Expert Systems in CIM.- 1. Structure and Areas of Application (Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Dieter Steinmann, Institut fur Wirtschaftsinformatik (IWi), University of Saarbrucken).- 2. Expert System for Design Stage Cost Estimation (Dipl.-Inform. Martina Bock, Dipl.-Inform. Richard Bock, Institut fur Wirtschaftsinformatik (IWi), University of Saarbrucken).- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Structure and Mode of Operation of Expert Systems.- 2.2.1 Design Stage Cost Estimation in the Planning Phase.- 2.2.2 Design Stage Cost Estimation in Phase 2 of the Design Process.- 2.2.3 Design Stage Cost Estimation in Phase 3 of the Design Process.- 2.3 System Architecture.- VIII. Computer-Technical Model.- a. Hardware Architecture.- b. Integration Instruments.- 1. Organizational Solution.- 2. Use of Tools.- 2.1 Microcomputers/Workstations.- 2.2 Database Query.- 2.3 Networking of Computer Systems.- 2.3.1 Types of Network.- 2.3.2 The Aims of MAP.- 2.3.3 MAP Functions.- 2.3.4 Embedding of MAP in General Network Architectures.- 3. Data Exchange.- 4. Common Database.- 5. Inter-Application Communication.- c. CIM Data Handlers as Integration Bridges.- IX. Implementation Paths.- D. CIM Implementations.- I. CIM Solutions in the German Industry.- a. CIM Implementation at ABS Pumpen AG, Lohmar (Dipl.-Ing. (TU) Klaus Blum, ABS Pumpen AG, Lohmar Dipl.-Kfm. Wilfried Emmerich, IDS Prof. Scheer GmbH, Saarbrucken).- b. Information and Control System in the Production Area as a Central Agency for the Dataflow of a CIM concept at BMW AG, Dingolfing (Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Richard Baumgartner, BMW AG, Dingolfing).- c. Computerized Flexible Production Chains for Pressed Sheet Metal Parts at MBB, Bremen (Dr.-Ing. Ulrich Grupe).- d. CIM Implementation at Metabowerken, Nurtingen (Dipl.-Ing. Manfred Heubach, Metabowerke, Nurtingen Dipl.-Kfm. Helmut Kruppke, IDS Prof. Scheer GmbH, Saarbrucken).- 1. Developing a CIM Strategy.- 2. Focal Areas of the Metabo CIM Strategy.- 2.1 Levels Approach in the Production Planning and Control Area.- 2.2 Applications Integration in the Technical Areas.- 2.3 Hardware and Database Model.- 3. Status and Development of the CIM Implementation at Metabo.- e. Fully Automated Material Flow and Information Systems in a Siemens AG Factory (Dipl. rer. pol. Erich Berner, Siemens AG, Poing Dr. Gunter Friedrich, Siemens AG, Munich).- 1. New Directions in CIM Integration.- 2. Structure of the Production and Material Flow in the Factory.- 2.1 Automated Transport System.- 2.2 Receipt of Goods.- 2.3 Parts Production and Flat Assembly Unit Production.- 2.4 Material Supply System for Assembly.- 3. Integration of the Automated Logistic System and Production Planning and Control (PPC).- 4. Integration Axis: Databases and Programs.- 5. Complete CIM System.- f. HP OpenCAM - Realization of a CIM-Strategy for Production Control with ARIS (Architecture of Integrated Information Systems) (Prof. Dr. August-Wilhelm Scheer, Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Hoffmann, Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Ralf Wein, Institut fuer Wirtschaftsinformatik (IWi), University of Saarland).- 1. The HP OpenCAM Approach to Problem Solving.- 2. Classification of HP OpenCAM with ARIS.- 3. Transparency of the System-Architecture of HP OpenCAM with a Hypermedia Documentation Tool.- 4. Standards used for Realizing HP OpenCAM.- 5. Principles of the Interfaces.- 6. Conclusion.- g. Computer-supported Reengineering of Business Processes: Requirements for Successful Lean Management (Prof. Dr. A.-W. Scheer, Institut fuer Wirtschaftsinformatik (Iwi), University of Saarland).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Architecture for Process-Oriented Information Systems.- 3. Alternative Approaches for Business Process Organization.- 4. Integration, Decentralization and Simplification.- 5. Conclusion.- II. CIM-Solutions in the USA.- a. IBM Works, Lexington (Kentucky).- b. HP Works in Lake Stevens (Washington) and Cupertino (California).- c. LTV Aircraft Products Group, Dallas (Texas).- d. Westinghouse Electrical Corporation, College Station (Texas).- e. DEC Works, Springfield (Massachusetts).- f. Summary.- E. CIM Promotion Measures.- I. The CIM-Technology-Transfer-Centers' Program Using the Example of the Saarbrucken Site (Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Geib, Dipl.-Ing. Arnold Traut, Institut fuer Wirtschaftsinformatik (IWi), University of Saarland).- a. Tasks of the CIM-Technology-Transfer-Centers.- b. Seminars on CIM.- c. Demonstration Possibilities.- II. CIM in Central and Eastern European Countries (Dr. Thaddaus Eisner, Institut fur Wirtschaftsinformatik (Iwi), University of the Saarland).- a. Introduction.- 1. Universities.- 2. The Economy.- b. Cooperation with the European Union.- 1. Cooperation in "Higher Education", the TEMPUS program.- 2. Cooperation in "Research and Development", the COPERNICUS program.- c. Summary.- III. Cooperation Model of CIM Technology Development and Transfer to Brazil (Prof. Dr. August-Wilhelm Scheer, Dipl.-Ing. Arnold Traut, Dipl.-Kfm. Markus Nuttgens, Institut fur Wirtschaftsinformatik (IWi), University of Saarland.- Prof. Dr. Heitor Mansur Caulliraux, Prof. Dr. Roger Boyd Walker, Eng. Arnaldo Ferreira Sima, Coordenacao dos Programas de Pos-Graduacao em Engenharia (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)).- a. CIM potential in Brazil.- b. CIM-COOP: Example of an International Cooperation Model.- 1. CIM-COOP Consortium.- 2. CIM-COOP Strategy.- 3. CIM-COOP Demonstration Facilities.- IV. CIM in the Peoples Republic of China: The Chinese 863-program - an introduction (Prof. Dr. August-Wilhelm Scheer, Mag. Wirtsch.-Ing. Rong Chen, Institut fuer Wirtschaftsinformatik (Iwi), University of Saarland).- a. Overview.- b. The General Framework of 863/CIMS.- c. The Progress of 863/CIMS.- d. The Prospect.- F. References.- G. Index.

European Union economics

Abstract: List of Tables List of Figures List of Boxes Abbreviations Bibliographical Note Acknowledgments Preface 1 Economic Integration: objectives, policies and effects 2 Structure of the European Union: objectives, policies and constraints 3 The single market 4 The budget of the European Communities 5 Tax Harmonization 6 Monetary Integration 7 Agriculture 8 Trade Policies 9 Enlargement 10 Regional policy 11 Social Policy 12 Transport 13 Industrial Policy 14 Energy and the Environment 15 Europe in the 21st century References Index

City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). VII. Oleaceae (Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Olea).

Abstract: In this paper we present the results of volumetric sampling of the airborne pollen grains of the Oleaceae family (Fraxinus, Ligustrum and Olea) in some European towns, in the period from 1982 to 1986. The sampling and appraisal of pollen content in the air is of particular interest to clinicians and allergic patients in order to assess exposure to the various pollen types in relation to allergy. In the Oleaceae family, the most allergenic pollen is produced by Olea europaea, the olive tree, which in the Mediterranean area has a pollination period lasting from May to the end of June and sometimes causes severe symptoms of pollinosis. In Northern and Central Europe, where there are no olive trees, there are two other commonly occurring genera of the Oleaceae family, namely Fraxinus and Ligustrum, but these have a low frequency of allergic sensitization.

The Other Side of Sanctions: Positive Initiatives for Southern Africa

Abstract: IN I977 the. member-states of the European Community (E.C.) adopted a collective strategy designed to end apartheid and to encourage the economic independence of South Africa's less-developed neighbours.1 The respective foreign-policy instruments used to achieve these goals were the Code of Conduct and the Lome Convention, through which assistance was provided for the Frontline states. The scope of the Community's Southern African actions was enlarged in 1985 to include a range of sanctions against Pretoria similar to those adopted by other governments. Critical commentary on Community policy has focused largely on the restrictive measures introduced since 1985; in particular, the embargoes placed on imports of iron and steel, as well as Krugerrand coins, from South Africa; the withdrawal of military attaches; the ban on sensitive and para-military goods; and the cessation of new investments.2 Less attention has been directed towards the regional initiatives that have gone hand in hand with the punitive actions. This article helps to redress this imbalance by tracing the regional aspects of the E.C.'s South African policy, and by providing the first examination of the positive measures adopted in I986 designed to assist the disadvantaged peoples of Southern Africa.

British policy towards Western Europe, 1947–9: the best of possible worlds?

Abstract: The course of postwar British relations with the countries of Western Europe is often seen as having been set by the developments of 1947-9. In early 1948, Britain was regarded as the leader of Western Europe; a year later the British had not only lost that leadership, but with hindsight had lost their place in future European political developments. How and why did such a transformation come about? During 1947 and 1948, the British government took a leading role in bringing about West European union. This represented an attempt to achieve a close association of West European states working at intergovernmental level. Concrete examples of Britain's leading role were the signing of the Dunkirk Treaty on 4 March 1947 between Britain and France and the Brussels Treaty on 17 March 1948 between Britain, France and the Benelux countries. The concept of West European union to which the British were committed, and which was explicitly espoused in the Brussels Treaty, seemed to imply a greater commitment of the United Kingdom to European affairs than had existed in British foreign policy hitherto. Yet during 1948 and early 1949, when the governments of France, Benelux and Italy started to propose some form of West European unity, they found that they were faced by implacable British opposition. This unity sought to go beyond the intergovernmental level towards West European federation. Even when the US government supported West European unity strongly, British opposition to it did not lessen. The distinctions between union and unity seem to have been clearly conceptualized by the British by 1948. This failure of the British government to move from working for European union towards working for European unity has widely been regarded as a missed opportunity. During the late 1940s, the policy of the British government on the issue of unity was opposed by everybody; abroad by the major European governments and the United States, and at home by the Conservative Party. Many historians have since sided, in varying degrees, with this contemporary criticism of the Labour government. 1 However, this article will argue that such a critical approach does not allow for

Frequency of births with potentially avoidable serious chromosomal anomalies in EEC countries, 1979-1982.

Abstract: Child bearing at an early age and prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in pregnant women of advanced age, combined with selective abortion, make it possible to avoid the birth of many children with serious chromosomal anomalies. To see how many of such births were still avoidable in Europe, data from 16 regional EUROCAT registers of congenital anomalies in nine EEC countries were analysed. In the period 1979-1982 about 30% of children with unbalanced anomalies of autosomes were born (live- and still-births) to mothers over 35 years of age. This amounts to an estimated 1300 cases yearly in the entire population of the nine countries. The approach shows the possible use of registry data for monitoring effects of avoidance strategies.

A comparative study of laws and regulations on compositional requirements for yogurt in ec member states

Abstract: Differences in laws and regulations concerning the compositional requirements for cheese in EEC member states were studied. The parameters examined were authorised basic materials, optional ingredients, food additives and materials not allowed. No substantial differences regarding the basic materials were observed. Differences exist in respect to authorised optional ingredients. With respect to authorised food additives there is a considerable variation in the number of additives allowed in each country, although the additives permitted are, in general, within the list of those approved by the EEC Council. Requirements for treating raw materials and legal provisions for different cheese types were also examined.

Main economic policy areas of the EEC, towards 1992 : the challenge to the Community's economic policies when the "real" Common Market is created by the end of 1992

Abstract: At the end of 1992, things will never again be the same inside the European Economic Community (EEC), because, as that year draws to a close, the aims of the Single Act of European Union (SAEU), which became law in July, this year, will have become effective - thus creating a 'real' Common Market. This will mean that there will no longer be any obstacles to the free movement of goods between the Member States. Equally, and for the first time in the EEC's history, internal capital movements will be absolutely free, there will no longer be any exchange controls and it will be possible to freely establish financial services between EEC countries. Likewise, as currently being proposed by Lord Cockfield, wide variations in the levels of value added tax (VAT) between Member States will not be allowed. Also, in the case f the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), it will no longer be possible (nor even necessary) to have the monetary compensatory amounts (MCA's). All these changes - but especially the increased freedom in capital movements - will have profound consequences for the different regions of the Community and it will be desirable to have a much more dynamic Regional Policy before 1993. Last, but by no means least, a greater number of decisions inside the Community will be made by majority voting and the Parliament will be endowed with enhanced powers.

Nuclear disarmament: Consequences for the alliance—Perspectives for Germany and Europe

Abstract: This paper analyzes the implications of the intermediate‐range nuclear forces (INF) agreement for European security from the point of view of the CDU/CSU in Europe The Atlantic Alliance has shared common values and an interest in preventing the Soviet Union from subsuming Western Europe under its sphere of influence Germany's security aim, within the Alliance, is to prevent the regionalization of war—whether nuclear or nonnuclear—in its territory through the risk‐sharing and deterrence‐sharing of the Alliance Thus, in the light of the INF agreement, grave difficulties arise for Germany's security aims, owing to the significance devolving upon short‐range systems, and conventional and chemical weapons Various responses are discussed, including NATO's development of a comprehensive concept (Gesamtkonzept,) for disarmament, the Western European Union for military and other aid and assistance, and a European economic and monetary union which, with the European security union, would form the polit

The New Dutch Kidney Test. II. Sensitivity of the test system

Abstract: When the in vitro sensitivity of the New Netherlands Kidney Test (NNKT) is compared with that of the test plates of the current Netherlands Kidney Test (NKT) and the EEC four-plate system (ECT), this shows that it occupies a middle position with regard to aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines. The test plate of the NNKT is more sensitive to sulphonamides. Experimental qualitative and quantitative studies in slaughtered pigs showed that the New Netherlands Kidney Test was equally sensitive or more so in detecting residues of sulphonamides, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and penicillin derivatives than the ECT system for meat. In addition to the simplicity of the current Netherlands Kidney Test, the New Netherlands Kidney Test also shows the broad-spectrum sensitivity of the ECT system. When tolerance standard of nitrofurans or chloramphenicol respectively is 1 or 10 ppb, the New Netherlands Kidney Test will fail.

Quiet heavy vehicles for the 1990s - the qhv90 project progress report ---advances in the control and refinement of vehicle noise. proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers. international conference, 23-24 march 1988, belfry hotel birmingham, england. imeche conference 1988-2

Abstract: Following the report of the armitage inquiry and the resulting UK government white paper "lorries, people and the environment", the government initiated a cooperative programme of research and development with the UK commercial vehicle industry to produce quieter lorries for the 1990S. The aim of this programme, known as the qhv90 project and managed by the transport and Road Research Laboratory of the Department of Transport, and the department of trade and industry, is to support commercial vehicle and engine manufacturers in the production of the quieter prototypes required to meet the lower noise levels embodied in the forthcoming eec legislation. This legislation requires a reduction in sound pressure level for the heaviest vehicles from 88 db(a) at present to 84 db(a) in 1989/90. The cost of the work is being borne half by government and half by industry. The principal manufacturers involved include erf, foden, iveco-ford and leyland for the quieter vehicle prototypes and perkins, cummins and Ford for the quieter engines. In addition to the work being carried out by the manufacturers, research on specific aspects of vehicle noise, for example on exhaust and air inlets and engine design, is being done by the motor industry research association, Loughborough university of technology, the British hydromechanics research association, the institute of sound and vibration research and ricardo consulting engineers. This paper will describe the qhv90 project and present some of the results obtained.(a) for the covering abstract see IRRD 816897.

European research activities on test methods for solar collectors and solar water heating systems

Abstract: The European Research programme on test methods for solar collectors and solar water heating systems has been carried out since 1975 with the participation of more than 20 European laboratories engaged in standards activities. The main aim of this programme is to support the European solar industry by raising confidence through the development of experimentally based standards, and by encouraging collaboration between specialists from research centres and industry within the European Community. The work has led to the development of performance test procedures for collectors which have been widely used as a basis for National and International Standards, including those published by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and the European Union of Agreement (UEAtc). Recent work has been focussed mainly on the development of qualification tests to determine the durability of collectors, and performance test procedures for solar water heating systems, air collectors, and unglazed collectors. A new approach has been developed for determining the long term performance of all types of family sized solar water heating systems.

Droit et souveraineté à l'aube du XXIe siècle

Abstract: Summary The author explores the relationship between the concept of sovereignty and international law. First, he examines this theme in its changing historical context, particularly the subordination of law to sovereignty by Hegel and the nineteenth-century positivists, and the various attempts by Kelsen and others in the twentieth century to assert the primacy of international law. He then examines the stress laid upon sovereignty as a means of obtaining a more just international economic order by states of the Third World. The implications of bilateral and multilateral agreements that grant broad powers to financial and economic international institutions are also examined to determine their impact upon the sovereignty of less developed countries. The author also examines the implications of the extensive practice of treaty-making and the adoption of rules and standards within a range of Specialized Agencies of the United Nations. He also traces the gradual development of the European Economic Community from free trade area to European union as envisaged by the Single European Act, under which the sovereignty of member states is steadily giving way. In the final analysis, the author concludes that sovereignty is a relative concept. It is not sovereignty itself which is impeding the development of a true community of states but rather the many economic, social, political, and psychological conflicts which impede the development of common values uniting the whole international community.