Showing papers on "European union published in 1990"
TL;DR: The establishment of a network of European cancer registries should eventually lead to more comprehensive incidence information form the EC, which currently provides an estimate of the true number of cases.
456 citations
01 Jul 1990
TL;DR: The typical European union cares only about currently employed union members (insiders) and sets the wage rate with the purpose of maintaining their employment as discussed by the authors, which has permanent effects because the union takes this reduced number as the basis for its next wage negotiations.
Abstract: is this. The typical European union cares only about currently employed union members (insiders) and sets the wage rate with the purpose of maintaining their employment. Negative unexpected shocks hit the economy and shift the labour demand curve along which the union sets the wage. Given the wage rate and a fixed labour supply, the shock reduces the number of insiders and increases unemployment (impulse mechanism). This impulse has permanent effects because the union takes this reduced number as the basis for its next wage negotiations. Outsiders, both old and new, have no voice in the bargaining process because the union practices strict membership rules which exclude them (propagation
90 citations
TL;DR: The review seeks to set out the primary an secondary effects of creating a Single European Market for both the economic and, to a lesser extent, the political environment.
Abstract: A review of the two major reports published on the likely effects of the Single European Market, together with a review of a book (Pelkman and Winters) which seeks to examine the impact of different reviews of a single market and to assess the likely effects on the UK economy. The review seeks to set out the primary an secondary effects of creating a Single European Market. This is done for both the economic and, to a lesser extent, the political environment.
40 citations
TL;DR: Clinical engineering departments in Canada, the USA, the European Economic Community and two Nordic countries, Sweden and Finland, have led to an evaluation of their functional involvement in their healthcare institutions and of the level of recognition which they have achieved.
Abstract: Data collected from clinical engineering departments in Canada, the USA, the European Economic Community and two Nordic countries, Sweden and Finland, have led to an evaluation of their functional involvement in their healthcare institutions and of the level of recognition which they have achieved.
38 citations
Journal Article•
35 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, Rabier et al. analyzed trends in West European opinion and found that gender differences in Sex-Role Attitudes: A Topic Without a Future are a hot topic without a future.
Abstract: Preface - Notes on the Contributors - Analyzing Trends in West European Opinion R.Inglehart & K.Reif - Public Opinion About the European Parliament O.Niedermayer - European Political Cooperation and Public Opinion W.J.Feld - The Political Prospects for Europe in the Wake of the Single European Act E.Noel - Switzerland: To Be or Not To Be - In Europe? A.Melich - Public Opinion and Public Information Campaigns M.Hewstone - Public Opinion and European Union: Thatcher vs the People of Europe J.Pinder - Trust Between Nations R.Inglehart - Gender Differences in Sex-Role Attitudes: A Topic Without a Future M.R.Inglehart - Politicization and Political Interest J.W.Van Deth - The Dynamics of Party System Change R.J.Dalton - On the Electoral Persistance of Parties of the Right S.H.Barnes - The Use of the Eurobarometer in the Study of Electoral Change M.N.Franklin & T.T.Mackie - The Dynamics of Mass Political Support in Western Europe M.Kuechler - Materialists and Postmaterialists: Different Viewpoints or Different Worlds? R.S.Katz - Postmodernity, Postmaterialism, and Political Theory K.Von Beyme - On the Real Withering Away of the State G.Ionescu - How Poverty is Perceived H.Riffault - The Factual Data Obtained from the Eurobarometer Surveys and How They Help in Describing Member States J-F.Tchernia - Values and the Challenge of Europe's Identity J.Kerkhofs - The Role of South European Interest Groups in the European Community: A Comparative Approach D.Sidjanski - The Role of the Eurobarometer in the Study of European Elections and the Development of Comparative Electoral Research C.Van der Eijk & H.Schmitt - Bibliography of Jacques-Rene Rabier - Index
33 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the economics and defence policy in the UK and the European Union, focusing on the case for defence and its role in the New Security Environment: Terrorism, Conflict, Disarmament and Peace.
Abstract: Preface 1. Economics and Defence Policy: An Overview 2. How Do Economists Analyse Defence? 3. The Case for Defence 4. Defence Budgets 5. The Determinants of Defence Expenditure 6. Economics, Politics and Public Choice Analysis 7. Equipment Procurement Policy 8. NATO and Equipment Standardisation 9. The European Union: Defence Markets and Industries 10. The European Defence Technological and Industrial Base 11. Evaluating International Collaborative Projects 12. The UK Defence Industrial Base 13. Personnel Policy 14. The Economics of Military Outsourcing 15. The Economics of the New Security Environment: Terrorism, Conflict, Disarmament and Peace 16. Conclusion
31 citations
30 citations
28 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The European Union of Federalists as discussed by the authors was a pressure group founded by federalists in the UK during World War II with the goal of creating a European political community, which is the basis for the European Community of Nations.
Abstract: Part 1 Against the tide: the birth of a pressure group society is federal launching Federal Union a wider audience mixed motives the gathering storm. Part 2 At war: emergency organization distinguished supporters conscience and controversy expansion and organization an abortive federation ebb tide a movement, not a party. Part 3 Peace aims: research and education preparing for peace. Part 4 Postwar debate: a united world? debate in the Grand Duchy. Part 5 World federalism?: early advocates the 1947 Montreux Congress "my country is the world" reform the United Nations? a UN police force? unanswered questions practical versus political? agreeing to differ. Part 6 Groundwork in Europe: wartime proposals altiero Spinelli Europe and the wider world the European Union of Federalists Montreaux August 1947? Churchill, Sandys and the federalists post-war problems for federalists the Congress of Europe in labour the Council of Europe and R.W.G.Mackay British reluctance. Part 7 New thinking - the federal trust begins: Europe, facts, educating industry a new phase. Part 8 The birth of the European Community: Britain's response the European defence debacle Federalist divisions. Part 9 Atlantic union?: support widens the declaration of Atlantic unity article II of the North Atlantic Treaty conference of NATO parliamentarians the genesis of OECD which community?. Part 10 Hopes and setbacks: the common market campaign the federalists network channel bridges the Labour Party, the public and the veto balance sheet for the federalists. Part 12 Britain into Europe: joining forces the campaign for a European political community the Labour committee for Europe George Brown and the federalists European links from Britain in Europe to the European movement into the community - ensuring Conservative support the campaign for entry the Labour committee and the vote on October 28. Part 13 Towards federation?: steps to monetary union agriculture and the budget institutions one Europe in one world federalism.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, methods are developed to estimate yield potentials of biomass crops in various regions within the European Union (EU-12) and different production levels are considered; firstly, the potential production level that can be realized when the crop is optimally supplied with water and nutrients and free from pests, diseases and weeds, and the so-called water-limited production level is recognized.
Abstract: In this report, methods are developed to estimate yield potentials of biomass crops in various regions within the European Union (EU-12). Different production levels are considered; firstly, the potential production level that can be realized when the crop is optimally supplied with water and nutrients and free from pests, diseases and weeds. Secondly, the so-called water-limited production level is recognized. In the water-limited situation, nutrients are in optimal supply and the crop is free of pests, diseases and weeds, but yield is limited by the availability of water
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Mind Your Manners: Managing Business Cultures in the New Global Europe as discussed by the authors is a comprehensive guide that explores cultural aspects of dozens of individual European countries applying for membership to the European Union, from the Baltics to the Balkans.
Abstract: Understanding the nature of cultural diversity is one thing; managing it day-to-day is quite another! When doing business internationally, culture shock - and sometimes culture clash - is unavoidable. John Mole's Mind Your Manners: Managing Business Cultures in the New Global Europe is a comprehensive guide that explores cultural aspects of dozens of individual European countries. Now in a fully expanded and updated third edition, Mind Your Manners includes every country - from the Baltics to the Balkans - applying for membership to the European Union, the world's biggest global market, and many others. Based on interviews, surveys and workshops with more than a thousand managers (of fifty nationalities), Mind Your Manners describes Europe's extraordinary political, economic and social changes and their effects on the way we work together. New chapters on diversity, change, body language and negotiation identify the key elements that shape the business and cultural environment of the continent, and 'Euroquizzes' will test your knowledge and demonstrate the broad cultural spectrum of European nations. More than a mere catalog, Mind Your Manners is a must-read for anyone who intends to succeed in the European Union.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors make predictions concerning the nature and focus of merger, acquisition, and alliance activity in the post-1992 environment by both US and European hospitality firms, and make recommendations concerning the most viable business strategies facing hospitality organisations in the Internal Market of 1992.
Abstract: Projections are made concerning the nature and focus of merger, acquisition, and alliance activity in the post‐1992 environment by both US and European hospitality firms. Recommendations are offered concerning the most viable business strategies facing hospitality organisations in the Internal Market of 1992.
TL;DR: In the special issue of International Marketing Review focusing on the internationalisation process of firms as discussed by the authors, the authors discuss the importance of the topic and provide an overview of the seven selections included in the issue.
Abstract: This is the lead article to this special issue of International Marketing Review focusing on the internationalisation process of firms. It elaborates on the importance of the topic and provides an overview of the seven selections included in the issue. Observations of the Single European Market and implications for the internationalisation strategies of firms both within and outside the European Community are offered.
TL;DR: The Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating (PICKUP) Europe Unit as discussed by the authors is a consortium consisting of Bradford University, South Bank Polytechnic, Leeds polytechnic and Spicers Centre for Europe, which will offer employers one-stop shopping where they can obtain advice, consultancy and short courses.
Abstract: A description is given of the Professional, Industrial and Commercial Updating (PICKUP) Europe Unit, operated by a consortium consisting of Bradford University, South Bank Polytechnic, Leeds Polytechnic and Spicers Centre for Europe, which will offer employers “one‐stop shopping” where they can obtain advice, consultancy and short courses. An initial network of 20 Regional Centres is being established to gather market intelligence, identify development needs and highlight good practice. Appropriate research will be commissioned and the results disseminated in a variety of ways. Broad outlines of the training implications of the Single Market are identifed. These range from the knowledge of legislation relating to the market itself to the likely effects on manpower planning. The need for a response from educationists is emphasised, as transnational study programmes, aided by distance learning methods and satellite and computer links, grow in importance.
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: A brief history of OEEC and OECD Council of Europe can be found in this article, where the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Communities, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), the Nordic Council, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Western European Union.
Abstract: A brief history OEEC and OECD Council of Europe the European Coal and Steel Community the European Communities the European Free Trade Association the Nordic Council the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western European Union.
TL;DR: In some Member States at the present time there are many unemployed and therefore presumably deskilled doctors, so a system of mutual inspection of the examination processes and standards in Member States should be established.
Abstract: The free movement of doctors within the European Community demands harmonization of standards of medical practice and carries major implications of an undergraduate and postgraduate educational kind. These have begun to be addressed by the first three Medical Directives and also by a series of reports produced by the Advisory Committee on Medical Training to the European Community. This Committee was established in 1975 in order to provide informed agreed advice to the Commission. Many tasks remain to be tackled. A system of mutual inspection of the examination processes and standards in Member States should be established. Control must be exercised over the numbers of doctors produced since educational resources, including numbers of patients available for study, are limited. Thus, excellent standards of medical practice can only be developed and maintained if the primacy of clinical skills derived from the study of patients is recognized as essential in this respect. In some Member States at the present time there are many unemployed and therefore presumably deskilled doctors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the benefits of the Single European Market Act (SEM) for financial markets and the positive implications of these proposals for marketing strategies in the banking sector.
Abstract: The signing of the Single European Market Act in 1987 committed EC member states to the principles of establishing a single internal market within which all barriers to trade in services and manufacturing and obstacles to the movement of factors of production will be removed. In this context, the liberalisation of financial markets is assessed. Aspects of the present regulatory frameworking affecting suppliers of financial services are examined and the Commission′s proposals for the removal of technical barriers discussed. Some of the positive implications of these proposals for marketing strategies in the banking sector are considered.
TL;DR: Spain's participation in international arms development projects has become an important, if controversial, aspect of its defense and economic policies as mentioned in this paper. But until very recently, Spain was completely absent from international arms cooperation agreements.
Abstract: Today, Spanish participation in international arms projects has become an important, if controversial, aspect of its defense and economic policies. Yet, until very recently, Spain was completely absent from international arms development agreements. In an apparently sudden move Spain embraced the faith of international arms cooperation with the zeal of a late convert. In 1983, relatively soon after the Socialist victory in the general elections (October 1982), Spain joined the Independent European Programme Group (IEPG). This early sign of Spanish interest in joining multilateral arms development projects by participating in fora that were likely to play a role in this area was followed by very active participation in CNAD, the NATO body organizing transatlantic arms cooperation projects and, later, integration in the Western European Union. This participation in international bodies was no more than the institutional reflection of the defense industrial policy followed by the Spanish government. Spain soon joined several CNAD and IEPG development programmes. Spanish participation has been described as tous azimuths: Spain would enter any programme she could. In 1987, Juan Ruiz Montero, then Spanish General Director for Armament and Material, described the logic behind this policy:
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present, through research findings of British images of themselves and others, Britain's competitive image position in relation to EC partners, and show a remarkable recovery of self-esteem, when considering specific products rather than products in general.
Abstract: The article presents, through research findings of British images of themselves and others, Britain′s competitive image position, in relation to EC partners. Results show a remarkable recovery of self‐esteem, when considering specific products rather than products in general.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The authors argued that the fulcrum of world politics will continue to shift from Europe and its peripheries to the Asia-Pacific region over the next twenty years, with the formation of the European Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.
Abstract: Asia and the Nation-State Most conference participants believe that, over the next twenty years, the fulcrum of world politics will continue to shift from Europe and its peripheries to the Asia-Pacific region. The period of European dominance produced innumerable wars as various countries challenged each other for power, resources, and sovereignty. With the formation of the European Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, great power rivalry in particular and the nation-state in general are fading somewhat in importance.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the single european market on UK organisations is examined, focusing on education and training, recruitment and retention, corporate structures language and cultural differences.
Abstract: Examines the effect of the single european market on UK organisations. Considers educations and training, recruitment and retention, corporate structures language and cultural differences. Comments on courses to assist international managers.
TL;DR: In this article, various opportunities and strategies afforded to commercial banks by the advent of the Single Market in 1992 are identified and assessed, and proposed European financial legislation is outlined and the implications for commercial banks are examined.
Abstract: The various opportunities and strategies afforded to commercial banks by the advent of the Single Market in 1992 are identified and assessed. Proposed European financial legislation is outlined and the implications for commercial banks are examined. Particular emphasis is focused on the banker‐customer relationship, considered to be the single most important barrier to entry confronting commercial banks in Europe. Empirical evidence is analysed, both in terms of the emerging strategies of individual institutions and the developments in selected European countries to support the findings.
TL;DR: This address is divided in two parts: the problems of heat stress evaluation are reviewed, and a rapid overview of the European economic and social Directives proposed in anticipation of 1993 is presented.
Abstract: This address is divided in two parts. The first reviews the problems of heat stress evaluation: it describes the comprehensive approach adopted by ISO standards and in particular the rationale of the Required Sweat Rate index, and presents the work done during the ECSC interlaboratory study, which extends the application of this index to intermittent or fluctuating conditions of exposure. The second part presents a rapid overview of the European economic and social Directives proposed in anticipation of 1993. It suggests that occupational hygienists, occupational physicians, safety specialists, toxicologists and ergonomists should adopt a common view about the practical implications of these new Directives and contribute to their incorporation into national regulations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the likely impact of structural adjustment policies on the operation of the Lome aid regime and present a review of the current operation of Lome 4.
Abstract: In December 1989 the European Community (EC) and 66 African, Caribbean and Pacific states (the ACP) completed negotiations on the establishment of a fourth Lome Convention. There can be little doubt that one of the decisive factors in influencing the ACP to continue their association with the EC has been Lome aid. The funding disbursed by the European Development Fund (EDF) has gained a reputation for its generous terms. It has also entailed relatively low conditionality, the EDF's only stipulation being that it should be spent on EC goods and services. However, this benefit has been put at risk in the newly agreed text of Lome 4. One of the central innovations of the revised convention will be to introduce a new level of conditionality into Lome aid in the form of ‘structural adjustment’ policies. This Briefing assesses the likely impact this innovation is likely to have on the operation of the Lome aid regime. In order to do this we shall initially review the current operation of the Lome Convention wit...
01 May 1990
TL;DR: The UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Ireland have similar eligibility conditions for awarding grants to inward investors as discussed by the authors. But they require that the planned investment must usually involve national benefits in the form of a minimum level of job creation or investment, technology transfer, local purchasing or international exports.
Abstract: Countries' use of grants as incentives to attract inward investment are governed by the ceilings which the European Commission sets on the maximum levels of regional aid that may be awarded in different area of EC. The permitted ceilings are higher in the less developed regions of the EC than in the northern European states. The UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Ireland have similar eligibility conditions for awarding grants to inward investors. The applicant has to invest in certain 'designated' areas, in projects which are viable. The planned investment must usually involve national benefits in the form of a minimum level of job creation or investment, technology transfer, local purchasing or international exports.
TL;DR: In this article, a UK company investing in or developing properties in other European countries discusses the taxation implications and planning possibilities regarding property investment and development in Europe and advocates the assistance of local expertise.
Abstract: Discusses the taxation implications and planning possibilities regarding property investment and development in Europe. Takes the position of a UK company investing in or developing properties in other European countries. Stresses that local tax laws can be complex. Advocates the assistance of local expertise.