Showing papers on "European union published in 1996"

Numerical Distribution Functions of Likelihood Ratio Tests for Cointegration

Abstract: This paper employs response surface regressions based on simulation experments to calculate asymptotic distribution functions for the likelihood ratio tests for cointegration proposed by Johansen The paper provides tables of critical values that are very much more accurate than those available previously However the principal contributions of the paper are a set of data les that contain estimated asymptotic quantiles obtained from response surface estimation and a computer program for utilizing them This program which is freely available via the Internet can easily be used to calculate asymptotic critical values and P values Graphs of some of the tabulated distribution functions are also provided An empirical example motivated by the European Economic and Monetary Union proposed in the Maastricht Treaty suggests that not all the countries of the European Union may qualify initially for participation in the EMU.

Losing Control?: Sovereignty in the Age of Globalization

Abstract: From the Publisher: What determines the flow of labor and capital in this new global information economy? Who has the capacity to coordinate this new system, to create a measure of order? And what happens to territoriality and sovereignty, two fundamental principles of the modern state? Losing Control? is a major addition to our understanding of these questions. Examining the rise of private transnational legal codes and supranational institutions such as the World Trade Organization and universal human rights covenants, Saskia Sassen argues that sovereignty remains an important feature of the international system, but that it is no longer confined to the nation-state. Sassen argues that a profound transformation is taking place, a partial denationalizing of national territory seen in such agreements as NAFTA and the European Union. Two arenas stand out in the new spatial and economic order: the global capital market and the series of codes and institutions that have mushroomed into an international human rights regime. As Sassen shows, these two quasi-legal realms now have the power and legitimacy to demand accountability from national governments, with the ironic twist that both depend upon the state to enforce their goals.

Globalization in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance

Abstract: Introduction: globalization - a necessary myth? Globalization and the history of the international economy trade, foreign direct investment and international inequality multinational corporations and the "globalization" thesis economic backwardness and future prosperity - the developing economies and globalization economic governance issues in general the European Union as a trade bloc globalization, governance and the nation state.

Choosing Europe?: The European Electorate and National Politics in the Face of Union

Abstract: This is a book about elections to the European Parliament, their failure to legitimate and control the exercise of power in the European Union, and the consequences of this failure for domestic politics in EU member states. It also sheds new light on why voters behave the way they do. The authors examine the 1989 Europe-wide elections with the aid of large-scale surveys fielded in all twelve member countries of the (then) European Community--placing European citizens within their institutional, political, economic, and social contexts. In particular, because three countries held national elections concurrently with the 1989 European elections, the study controls for the presence or absence of a national election context--permitting the authors to investigate electoral behavior in general, not just at European elections. Looking at such behavior while taking account of the strategic contexts within which elections are held has yielded new insights about turnout and party choice, while clarifying the crisis of legitimacy that faces the European Union. The more recent Europe-wide elections of 1994 are used to validate the findings. This book will be of interest to political scientists interested in elections, the European Union, comparative politics, and political development.

The European Union and Forms of State: Westphalian, Regulatory or Post-Modern?

Abstract: This article sets out to chart the evolving institutional structure of the EU, in the context of theories about forms of state. ‘Forms of state’ are taken to be conceptually possible expressions of political authority organized at the national and transnational levels, here dealt with as emphases and qualities to be accented rather than phenomena to be sorted into categories. The EU is examined in the light of three stylized state forms - the Westphalian state, the regulatory state and the post-modem state. Each of these captures important elements of the evolution of the EU, and provides support for analysis of its development as a form of ‘international state’. Such an analysis implies attention not only to forms of state, but also to related concepts such as government and governance which give leverage on the exploration of ‘international state forms’. Conclusions are drawn about the power of the three ‘metaphors’ used, and the relationship to possible empirical studies.

Exploring the Nature of the Beast: International Relations Theory and Comparative Policy Analysis Meet the European Union

Abstract: Recent work on the European Union (EU) indicates an emerging consensus that the boundaries between the ‘domestic’ and the ‘international’ spheres, as well as between the ‘state’ and ‘society’, have to be crossed when conceptualizing the EU. This article starts with reviewing the controversy between neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism, arguing that it lacks some categories necessary to capture distinctive features of the EU. It then presents a framework combining insights from work on transnational politics by international relations scholars, on policy networks and Politikveflechtung (interlocking politics) by comparative policy analysis, and by historical institutionalism. Propositions are generated on the institutional and structural conditions under which network analysis is better suited than intergovernmentalism to capture the EU policy-making process. Finally, the article argues that social constructivism has to be taken more seriously in the study of the EU and that network analysis should move beyond rational choice models and incorporate theories of communicative action. More work is needed on the role of ideas and principled beliefs in the EU integration process.

Governance in the European Union

Abstract: Presenting a fresh alternative to traditional state-centered analyses of the process of European integration, Governance in the European Union clearly shows the interaction of subnational, national, and supranational actors in the emerging European polity. This "multilevel politics" approach offers a powerful lens for viewing the future course of European integration. The authors' empirical exploration of areas such as regional governance, social policy, and social movements underpins their broad conceptual and theoretical framework, providing significant new insight into European politics. Governance in the European Union will appeal to students and academics across the broad spectrum of political science, and will be of particular interest to those in European studies, public policy studies, comparative politics, and political theory.

One Market, One Money?

Abstract: The Single European Act (SEA) of 1986 which created the 1992 single market plan included economic and monetary union as a formal objective and imposed on the members an obligation to work towards a convergence of domestic policies in order to achieve it. The Treaty, however, required any future institutional changes in respect of monetary policy to be done by amendment to the Treaty, a process which required unanimity. Those who opposed or who were doubtful about a future common monetary policy thought that this procedure would satisfactorily delay any change. They were disappointed and what followed is an object lesson for those who fail to take account of the steamroller like capability of the Commission and European Union to grind onwards to a conclusion. M. Delors and the Community central bankers met in committee and produced in April 1989 what came to be called ‘the Delors Committee Report’. This was to lead to a powerful surge towards fuller economic and monetary union and to a new treaty. An incidental effect of the surge was to carry away Mrs Thatcher from the office of Prime Minister in November 1990 as her opposition to monetary union caused her to adopt an embarrassingly strident tone which was out of tune with important elements in her party and cabinet.

Decision-Making in the European Union

Abstract: Introduction Making Sense of EU Decision-Making Institutions, Rules, Norms The Internal Market External Trade Policy The Common Agricultural Policy Cohesion Policy Environmental Policy Research and Technology Policy The Common Foreign and Security Policy Conclusion

An institutional critique of intergovernmentalism

Abstract: Most intergovernmentalist analyses of European integration focus on treaty bargaining among European Union member governments Recent articles also have examined everyday decision making through power index analysis, an approach that asserts that a government's ability to influence policy is a function of all possible coalitions in the Council of Ministers to which it is pivotal This approach suffers from two major weaknesses First, it fails to take into account the policy preferences of governments; it overestimates the influence of governments holding extreme preferences and underestimates that of more centrist governments Second, power index analysis fails to consider the important roles of the Commission of the European Communities and the European Parliament in legislative processes Today's procedures affect the mix of agenda-setting and veto power, and this has systematic effects on policy outcomes If intergovernmentalism is to explain choices made during treaty rounds, it must take into account these legislative dynamics

Determinants of export performance in a European context

Abstract: Drawing attention to certain important gaps in the exporting literature, develops and evaluates a model of export performance using a sample of regular exporters from a small European Union country, in their trading activities with overseas distributors. Integrates and views specific firm characteristics, export commitment and export‐related perception variables as potentially important factors in explaining firm performance in the export market context. Tests the model in a three‐step procedure employing multiple regression analysis and identifies several elements that are related directly to export performance. Discusses the implications of the study for both business practitioners and public policy makers and highlights future research directions.

Regionalism, multilateralism, and deeper integration

Abstract: Over the past decade, international economic liberalization has been pursued through both multilateral and regional arrangements. In the Uruguay Round, more than one hundred governments pledged their commitment to greater open trade in goods and services, and established new rules under the enforcement of the World Trade Organization. At the same time, however, many regional arrangements have been negotiated--including the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. Nonetheless, controversy still rages about these arrangements. Are regional arrangements stumbling blocks or, in fact building blocks for a more integrated and successful international economy? In this book, Robert A. Lawrence addresses this question and explains both sides of the debate. A volume of Brookings' Integrating National Economies Series

How to make a market : reflections on the attempt to create a single market in the European union

Abstract: Theories about institution-building episodes emphasize either rational or social and cultural elements. Our research on the Single Market Program (SMP) of the European Union (EU) shows that both elements are part of the process. When the EU was caught in a stalemate, the European Commision devised the SMP. The commission worked within the constraints of existing institutional arrangements, provided a "cultural frame," and helped create an elite social movement. This examination of the SMP legislation, using an institutional approach to the sociology of markets, shows how the commission was able to do this by trading off the interests of important state and corporate actors.

Heading for divergence? Regional growth in Europe reconsidered

Abstract: This article analyses regional growth in the European Union (EU) in the postwar period. We examine the levels and growth of per capita GDP for a sample of 70 regions, covering six of the EU Member States. We find that after a slow, but steady reduction of differences in GDP per capita across European regions during most of the post-war period, there are now some signs of a reversal in this trend. This does not imply that differences in levels of productivity and income across European regions are now reduced to a negligible level. Rather, the explanation is that other variables, notably R&D effort, investment support from the EU, the structure of GDP and differences in unemployment have had a diverging impact. We also find some support for the idea of a ‘Europe at different speeds’, with at least three different ‘growth clubs’ characterized by different dynamics, productivity and unemployment levels.

European Social Policy: Between Fragmentation and Integration

Abstract: As the European Union grows and matures, its movement toward a single market has been the primary focus of attention. However, other policy areas have been greatly affected by the process of European integration. This volume deals with the development of social policy in the EU. The authors examine the substance of particular policies, such as industrial relations, immigration, agriculture, and gender equality. They emphasize the distinctive nature and dynamics of integrating policy in a " multi-tiered" system--one in which individual member states share policymaking responsibilities with central authorities. They also compare social policymaking in the EU with that in Canada and the United States, two other multi-tiered, or federal, systems. The contributors are Jeffrey J. Anderson, Brown University; Keith G. Banting, Queen's University; Patrick R. Ireland, University of Denver; Jane Lewis, London School of Economics; Ilona Ostner, Gttingen University; Martin Rhodes, University of Manchester; Elmar Rieger, University of Mannheim; George Ross, Brandeis University; Wolfgang Streeck, University of Wisconsin, Madison; and Margaret Weir, Brookings.

Flows of knowledge from universities and federal laboratories: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional and geographic boundaries

Abstract: The extent to which new technological knowledge flows across institutional and national boundaries is a question of great importance for public policy and the modeling of economic growth. In this paper we develop a model of the process generating subsequent citations to patents as a lens for viewing knowledge diffusion. We find that the probability of patent citation over time after a patent is granted fits well to a double-exponential function that can be interpreted as the mixture of diffusion and obsolescense functions. The results indicate that diffusion is geographically localized. Controlling for other factors, within-country citations are more numerous and come more quickly than those that cross country boundaries.

Social movements and the changing structure of political opportunity in the European union 1

Abstract: To the extent that European integration results in the decline in the importance of the nation‐state as the exclusive seat of formal political power, we can expect attendant changes in those forms of interest aggregation and articulation historically linked to the state. This article suggests that a polity characterised by multi‐level governance is emerging in Europe and that this poses a set of new constraints and opportunities for groups that wish to influence political decisions. We argue that group strategy in response to this is a function of: (1) the structure of political opportunities facing a group in the EU; and (2) inherited institutions and ideologies that constrain the capacity of a group to exploit those opportunities. We use this framework to analyse the effect of European integration on four groups: the labour movement, regional movements, the environmental movement and the anti‐nuclear movement.

Competencies, Cracks, and Conflicts: Regional Mobilization in the European Union

Abstract: Over the past 5 years, a new and unexpected form of interest representation has developed in the European Union: subnational governments that mobilize directly in Brussels. The authors propose explanations for this phenomenon, drawing on theories of public choice, resource mobilization, and multilevel governance. The first set of hypotheses is concerned with the material and cultural resources that may induce a subnational government to organize in the European arena. The second set of hypotheses explains regional representation as an outcome of overlapping competencies, tensions, and conflicts in a system of multilevel governance. Logistic analysis of the probability of regional representation provides support for the second set of hypotheses. The authors find that subnational representation is positively associated with the degree of overlap between the competencies of subnational and supranational governments and with the political distinctiveness of a region and the relative strength of citizens' regi...

Return migration: the European experience

Abstract: Labour immigration contributed strongly to Europe's post-war economic development. In contrast to migration to North America or Australia, these movements of labour were always seen as temporary by sending and receiving countries, and, at least initially, also by most migrants. Although many migrants stayed more permanently, return migration is a highly relevant feature in practice. Its significant role and the underlying behavioural mechanisms are not well understood, however. It is therefore not too surprising that most policy measures taken in the 1970s and 1980s to encourage return migration failed. The paper takes the view that much can be learned from recent European history. Temporary immigration schemes may be helpful to moderate illegal migration and to foster East--West economic relationships. Given the tight policies in the European Union, short-term migration seems to be the only channel to open the door slightly. The paper reviews the European history of return migration and the policy regimes in important European labour migration-receiving countries. It also provides new empirical evidence on the determinants of return behaviour and successful return. Return propensities of migrants increase with the age at entry, but decrease with the number of years of residence. Conditional on having decided to return, however, the remaining years in the country decrease with years of residence and, keeping years of residence constant, with entry age. Return incentives may cause dissatisfaction and reintegration problems in the home country. The results support the view that economic benefits are the larger, the earlier it is clear whether migration is temporary or permanent.

Frontiers: Territory and State Formation in the Modern World

Abstract: List of Maps. Introduction. 1. The International Frontier in Historical and Theoretical Perspective. 2. Self--Determination, Secession and Autonomy: European Cases of Boundary--Drawing. 3. Themes in African and Asian Frontier Disputes. 4. Boundaries within States: Size, Democracy and Service Provision. 5. Frontiers and Migration. 6. Uninhabited Zones and International Cooperation. Conclusion: The European Union and the Future of Frontiers. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

Identity Processes and Environmental Threat: the Effects of Nationalism and Local Identity upon Perception of Beach Pollution

Abstract: This study examines the importance of local and national identity processes in predicting the perception of a threat to the local environment: pollution of British beaches defined in terms of European Union (EU) regulations concerning cleanliness. Place identity and social identity theories would predict that English people would exhibit positive discrimination when evaluating both their local and national beaches and would allow ingroup preferences to influence their estimates of beach pollution. The study involved administering questionnaires to 347 English students drawn from secondary schools in six seaside resorts (three with ‘polluted’ beaches, and three with ‘unpolluted’ beaches according to the EU criteria). It was hypothesized that degree of both local and national identification would predict variance in perceived levels of pollution independently of either the EU categorization or the physical evidence of pollution available. On the whole, results confirmed this main hypothesis: subjects who were more attached to their town or their nation tended to perceive their local and national beaches as less polluted. Traditional predictors of environmental evaluation (such as socio-demographic variables, environmental concern, use of the environment) did not play an important role in predicting beach pollution perception. Denial of physical assessments of pollution was interpreted as a strategy used to cope with the threat to place identity posed by the labelling of local beaches by a powerful outgroup (the EU).

Politics in the European Union

Abstract: John McCormick, European Union Politics, 2nd edition (Palgrave, 2015). Sergio Fabbrini, Which European Union? Europe After the Euro Crisis (Cambridge, 2015). Brent F. Nelsen and James L. Guth, Religion and the Struggle for European Union: Confessional Culture and the Limits of Integration (Georgetown University Press, 2015). Brent F. Nelsen and Alexander Stubb (eds.), The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, 4th edition (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2014). The New York Times

Integrating Gender: Women, Law and Politics in the European Union

Abstract: During 1996-97, the European Union's Intergovernmental Conference is reviewing the competence, institutional structure and working methods of the Union. This book seeks to make an intervention in the debate on these issues by highlighting the obstacles and opportunities for an effective policy on the rights of women at work. Since the 1970s, European Community legislation on conditions of employment has provided a rare example of European policy which grants social rights and engages, at least to some extent, with a mobilized political community. Analysis of policy implementation reveals the complex web which develops when national and transnational state activity interacts with social movements operating in different national and cultural contexts. In this book, Catherine Hoskyns tracks these developments across the EU member states using a wide range of primary sources, including original interviews with some of the key women involved at grassroots, professional and official levels.

Catching up with change: The transformation of governance in the European Union

Abstract: Looking at the transformation of governance in the process of European integration confronts us with a puzzle. Member states have accepted an incremental transfer of sovereignty and regulatory power. Empirical evidence, however, gives proof of a rather unrestricted vitality to shape policies according to national preferences. In European policy‐making the balance between private and public interests seems to have shifted to the detriment of the latter. At the same time the very properties of the European polity enable public actors to escape capture. In order to gain a better understanding of the transformation of governance it might be helpful to take a different approach. It is not the change in terms of shifting power relations between different levels of government or between different categories of actors which is of interest, but changes in the practice of governing and the understanding of what governance is about.

The conservation of bees.

Abstract: Habitat requirements of central European bees and the problems of partial habitats, P. Westrich cliffbanks, sandpits and levees-substitutes for threatened or destroyed riverine habitats, M. Klem optimizing habitats for bees in the United Kingdom - a review of recent conservation action, M. Edwards urban habitats for bees - the example city of Berlin, C. Saure ecological bases of conservation of wild bees, J. Banaszak aspects of bee diversity and crop pollination in the European Union, I.H. Williams comparative efficacy of bee species for pollination of legume seed crops, K.W. Richards pollen flow and pollination efficiency in entomophilous systems - a case study with bumble bees, honey bees and a monoecious crop in enclosures, B. Vaissiere which bees do plants need?, S. Corbet the forgotten pollinators - a forthcoming book and awareness programme, M.M. Kwak et al resource overlap among native and introduced bees in California, R.W. Thorp towards an ecological perspective of beekeeping, E.A. Sugden measuring the meaning of honey bees, D.W. Roubik the possible ecological implications of the invasion of "bombus terrestris (L.) (apidae)" at Mt. Carmel, Israel, A. Dafni and A. Schmida interdependence of native bee faunas and floras in changing Mediterranean communities, T. Petanidou and W.N. Ellis bee systematics in Europe - the continuing crisis and some possible cures, C. O'Toole PCAM - an international study of the bees of Mexico, C.D. Michener.