Topic
European union
About: European union is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 171628 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2846726 citations.
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01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: This is the third edition of European cardiovascular disease statistics, which was the first publication to bring together all the available sources of information about the burden of CVD in Europe, including data on death and illness, treatment, the prevalence of behavioural risk factors for CVD, andThe prevalence of medical conditions associated with CVD.
Abstract: This is the third edition of European cardiovascular disease statistics. The first edition was published in 2000 when the European Union (EU) consisted of 15 Member States. After enlargement in 2004 and then again in 2007, there are now 27 Member States. Much has changed in the last seven years, but cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the main cause of death in the EU. The European cardiovascular disease statistics was the first publication to bring together all the available sources of information about the burden of CVD in Europe, including data on death and illness, treatment, the prevalence of behavioural risk factors for CVD (smoking, diet, physical inactivity and alcohol consumption), and the prevalence of medical conditions associated with CVD (raised cholesterol, raised blood pressure, overweight and obesity, and diabetes). It has become an indispensable resource for anybody working on reducing the burden of CVD in Europe or in public health generally.
1,731 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative analysis of European mountain case studies to assess the environmental impacts of land abandonment and decline in traditional farming practices is presented, while the influence of environmental changes is unpredictable due to environmental, agricultural and socio-economic contextual factors, abandonment generally has an undesirable effect on the environmental parameters examined.
1,720 citations
TL;DR: To help older people (>65 years) maintain and regain lean body mass and function, the PROT-AGE study group recommends average daily intake at least in the range of 1.2 g protein per kilogram of body weight per day.
1,700 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that only models that have been validated externally, after their internal validation, can be considered reliable and applicable for both external prediction and regulatory purposes.
Abstract: The recent REACH Policy of the European Union has led to scientists and regulators to focus their attention on establishing general validation principles for QSAR models in the context of chemical regulation (previously known as the Setubal, nowadays, the OECD principles). This paper gives a brief analysis of some principles: unambiguous algorithm, Applicability Domain (AD), and statistical validation. Some concerns related to QSAR algorithm reproducibility and an example of a fast check of the applicability domain for MLR models are presented. Common myths and misconceptions related to popular techniques for verifying internal predictivity, particularly for MLR models (for instance crossvalidation, bootstrap), are commented on and compared with commonly used statistical techniques for external validation. The differences in the two validating approaches are highlighted, and evidence is presented that only models that have been validated externally, after their internal validation, can be considered reliable and applicable for both external prediction and regulatory purposes. (“Validation is one of those words...that is constantly used and seldom defined” as stated by A. R. Feinstein in the book Multivariate Analysis: An Introduction, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996).
1,697 citations
30 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, a sensor for discrimination of fossil diesel fuel, Biodiesel, and their Blends Fuel Properties Cetane Numbers-Heat of Combustion-Why Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives are Suitable as a Diesel Fuel Viscosity of Biodies Cold Weather Properties and Performance of Biosoil Oxidative Stability of Bio-diesel Bioddiesels: Biodegradability, Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Toxicity Soybean Oil Composition for Biosoline, Biosolubricity and Effect of
Abstract: Introduction History of Vegetable Oil-Based Diesel Fuels The Basics of Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuels Biodiesel Production Basics of the Transesterification Reaction Alternate Feedstocks and Technologies for Biodiesel Production Catalysis in Biodiesel Processing Ion Exchange Resins in Biodiesel Processing Analytical Methods Analytical Methods for Biodiesel A Sensor for Discrimination of Fossil Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel, and Their Blends Fuel Properties Cetane Numbers-Heat of Combustion-Why Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives Are Suitable as a Diesel Fuel Viscosity of Biodiesel Cold Weather Properties and Performance of Biodiesel Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel Biodiesel Lubricity and Effect of Biodiesel on Lubricants Biodiesel Fuels: Biodegradability, Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Toxicity Soybean Oil Composition for Biodiesel Exhaust Emissions Impacts of Biodiesel Fuel on Pollutant Emissions from Diesel Engines Ultrafine Particles from a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Running on Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester Current Status of the Biodiesel Industry Biodiesel in the United States Biodiesel in Germany and the European Union Biodiesel in South America Biodiesel in Asia Biodiesel in Japan Environmental Implications of Biodiesel (Life-Cycle Assessment) Potential Production of Biodiesel in the United States Other Uses of Biodiesel Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils ande Animal Fats Glycerol Technology Options for Biodiesel Industry Appendices: Technical Tables Biodiesel Standards Unit Conversions Internet Resources
1,669 citations