Exclusive economic zone

Abstract: Previous projection of climate change impacts on global food supply focuses solely on production from terrestrial biomes, ignoring the large contribution of animal protein from marine capture fisheries. Here, we project changes in global catch potential for 1066 species of exploited marine fish and invertebrates from 2005 to 2055 under climate change scenarios. We show that climate change may lead to large-scale redistribution of global catch potential, with an average of 30-70% increase in high-latitude regions and a drop of up to 40% in the tropics. Moreover, maximum catch potential declines considerably in the southward margins of semienclosed seas while it increases in poleward tips of continental shelf margins. Such changes are most apparent in the Pacific Ocean. Among the 20 most important fishing Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) regions in terms of their total landings, EEZ regions with the highest increase in catch potential by 2055 include Norway, Greenland, the United States (Alaska) and Russia (Asia). On the contrary, EEZ regions with the biggest loss in maximum catch potential include Indonesia, the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), Chile and China. Many highly impacted regions, particularly those in the tropics, are socioeconomically vulnerable to these changes. Thus, our results indicate the need to develop adaptation policy that could minimize climate change impacts through fisheries. The study also provides information that may be useful to evaluate fisheries management options under climate change.

Abstract: Table of cases Table of conventions 1. Introduction 2. Baselines 3. Internal waters 4. The territorial sea 5. Straits 6. Archipelagos 7. The contiguous zone 8. The continental shelf 9. The exclusive economic zone 10. Delimitation of maritime boundaries 11. High seas 12. The international sea bed area 13. Navigation 14. Fishing 15. The prevention of maritime pollution and protection of the marine environment 16. Marine scientific research and the transfer of technology 17. Military uses of the sea 18. Landlocked and geographically disadvantaged states 19. Settlement of disputes Appendix 1: Claims to maritime zones Appendix 2: Ratifications of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, its implementation agreements and the Geneva Conventions

Abstract: This collection of papers summarizes the geologic framework and resource potential of offshore western North America from the Arctic Ocean to Baja California, including ocean regions of the United States Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The idea that these papers should be prepared and brought together in a single volume arose late in 1982. At that time the US Geological Survey`s program of marine studies, which began in the early 1960s, completed its regional reconnaissance of the stratigraphy and structure of almost the entire margin of western North America and adjacent sea floor. It was therefore deemed timely and appropriate to summarize the important results of this effort and provide a systematic, region-by-region description of the framework geology and resource potential of this extensive, submerged region. It also appeared--as economic conditions ultimately become more favorable for the commercial development of marine georesources--that such a summary would be useful to the petroleum and mineral industries, and to public agencies and officials concerned with management of the offshore domains of the United States. Each paper has been processed separately for inclusion in the Energy Science and Technology Database.

Abstract: Continental South Africa has a coastline of some 3,650 km and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of just over 1 million km2. Waters in the EEZ extend to a depth of 5,700 m, with more than 65% deeper than 2,000 m. Despite its status as a developing nation, South Africa has a relatively strong history of marine taxonomic research and maintains comprehensive and well-curated museum collections totaling over 291,000 records. Over 3 million locality records from more than 23,000 species have been lodged in the regional AfrOBIS (African Ocean Biogeographic Information System) data center (which stores data from a wider African region). A large number of regional guides to the marine fauna and flora are also available and are listed. The currently recorded marine biota of South Africa numbers at least 12,914 species, although many taxa, particularly those of small body size, remain poorly documented. The coastal zone is relatively well sampled with some 2,500 samples of benthic invertebrate communities have been taken by grab, dredge, or trawl. Almost none of these samples, however, were collected after 1980, and over 99% of existing samples are from depths shallower than 1,000 m—indeed 83% are from less than 100 m. The abyssal zone thus remains almost completely unexplored. South Africa has a fairly large industrial fishing industry, of which the largest fisheries are the pelagic (pilchard and anchovy) and demersal (hake) sectors, both focused on the west and south coasts. The east coast has fewer, smaller commercial fisheries, but a high coastal population density, resulting in intense exploitation of inshore resources by recreational and subsistence fishers, and this has resulted in the overexploitation of many coastal fish and invertebrate stocks. South Africa has a small aquaculture industry rearing mussels, oysters, prawns, and abalone—the latter two in land-based facilities. Compared with many other developing countries, South Africa has a well-conserved coastline, 23% of which is under formal protection, however deeper waters are almost entirely excluded from conservation areas. Marine pollution is confined mainly to the densely populated KwaZulu-Natal coast and the urban centers of Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Over 120 introduced or cryptogenic marine species have been recorded, but most of these are confined to the few harbors and sheltered sites along the coast.

Abstract: Vol I: the law of the sea in historical prespective status of the UN Convention maritime zones - introduction internal waters and baselines the territorial sea straits used for international navigation archipelagos the contiguous zone the Continental Shelf, the exclusive economic zone and the exclusive fishing zone - the outer limit the Continental Shelf, the exclusive economic zone and the exclusive fishing zone - delimitation between neighbouring states the international legal regime of the exclusive economic zone the international legal regime of the Continental Shelf the high seas the protection and preservation of the marine environment the regime of marine scientific research the regime of seabed mining. Vol II table of cases table of statutes and other municipal instruments table of treaties United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, 1982 source sof the international law of the sea internal waters, territorial sea and contiguous zone straits used for international navigation archipelagos the continetnal Shelf the exclusive economic zone the high seas the protection and preservation of the marine environment the regime of marine scientific research the regime of seabed mining status of Conventions.