Showing papers on "Excoecaria agallocha published in 2013"

Biological activities and chemical constituents of some mangrove species from Sundarban estuary: An overview

Abstract: This review represents the studies performed on some beneficial mangrove plants such as Ceriops decandra, Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus moluccensis, Excoecaria agallocha, Sarcolobus globosus, Sonneratia caseolaris and Acanthus ilicifolius from the Sundarban estuary spanning India and Bangladesh with regard to their biological activities and chemical investigations till date. Sundarban is the largest single chunk of mangrove forest in the world. The forest is a source of livelihood to numerous people of the region. Several of its plant species have very large applications in the traditional folk medicine; various parts of these plants are used by the local people as cure for various ailments. Despite such enormous potential, remarkably few reports are available on these species regarding their biological activities and the active principles responsible for such activities. Though some chemical studies have been made on the mangrove plants of this estuary, reports pertaining to their activity-structure relationship are few in number. An attempt has been made in this review to increase the awareness for the medicinal significance as well as conservation and utilization of these mangrove species as natural rich sources of novel bioactive agents.

Salinity based allometric equations for biomass estimation of Sundarban mangroves.

Abstract: Biomass estimation was carried out for three even-aged dominant mangrove species ( Avicennia alba , Excoecaria agallocha and Sonneratia apetala ) in two regions of Indian Sundarbans with two distinct salinity regimes for three consecutive years (2008–2010) and the results were expressed in tons per hectare (t ha −1 ). In the western region, the total mean biomass of the mangrove species varied as per the order A. alba (41.65 t ha −1 in 2008, 55.79 t ha −1 in 2009, 60.86 t ha −1 in 2010) > S. apetala (31.76 t ha −1 in 2008, 32.81 t ha −1 in 2009, 39.10 t ha −1 in 2010) > E. agallocha (13.89 t ha −1 in 2008, 15.54 t ha −1 in 2009, 18.28 t ha −1 in 2010). In the central region, the order was A. alba (42.06 t ha −1 in 2008, 57.09 t ha −1 in 2009, 64.57 t ha −1 in 2010) > E. agallocha (15.30 t ha −1 in 2008, 20.02 t ha −1 in 2009, 24.24 t ha −1 in 2010) > S. apetala (6.77 t ha −1 in 2008, 9.46 t ha −1 in 2009, 11.42 t ha −1 in 2010). Significant negative correlation was observed between biomass of S. apetala and salinity ( p A. alba and E. agallocha positive correlations were observed ( p R 2 value). The allometric models are species-specific, but not site-specific.

Effects of lead stress on anti-oxidative enzymes and stress-related hormones in seedlings of Excoecaria agallocha Linn

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the responses of anti-oxidative enzymes and stress-related hormones in E. agallocha to different levels of Pb stresses at different exposure time. The study was carried out in greenhouse, and the pot trials were conducted to investigate the stress responses of root and leaf to Pb exposure in seedlings of E. agallocha. Pb stress posed higher toxic effects on root than leaf at day 49. At days 1, 7and 49, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidases increased significantly, especially in leaves. Significant increases of malondialdehyde content were also observed at day 1 but significant increases of proline were only found at day 49 in leaf. Increases of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were mainly observed in the leaves at day 1. E. agallocha was sensitive to Pb stress and damages, but tended to acclimate to low levels of Pb stresses by increasing and maintaining high levels of SOD and POD activities even at the later stage of exposure (day 49). Increases of endogenous SA and JA concentrations at day 1 might also involve in the plant’s tolerance to Pb stress.

Vegetation Structure and Species Distribution of Mangroves along a Soil Salinity Gradient in a Micro Tidal Estuary on the North-western Coast of Sri Lanka

Abstract: Soil salinity in both coastal and inland, is known to affect vegetation structure and functions. Mangrove vegetation at Kala Oya estuary on the north western coast of Sri Lanka was selected to study the effect of soil salinity on structure, potential gross primary productivity and plant biomass of the ecosystems. Five belt-transects were laid perpendicular to the shoreline, covering 3.5 km upstream and approximately at 750 m intervals to collect data for the purpose. Vegetation structure was determined using data collected on plant species diversity, density, basal area, leaf area index and tree height. Biomass (total of above and below ground) of mangrove trees was estimated by allometric methods and potential gross primary productivity was calculated using leaf area index measured with terrestrial radiation sensor. Total of eight (8) true mangrove species were encountered in the area and highest density was recorded for Rhizophora mucronata (528 trees/ha), followed by Excoecaria agallocha (447 trees/ha) and Lumnitzera racemosa (405 trees/ha). Vegetation complexity index (CI), basal area, total tree biomass leaf area index and potential gross primary productivity measurements revealed an inverse correlation with soil salinity. Mangrove species were observed to possess varying salinity tolerance levels and Avicennia marina was the most salinity tolerant species, followed by Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal and Lumnitzera racemosa. Excoecaria agallocha was the least salt tolerant species in the area. Mangrove areas located around 2 km from the estuary mouth, where the soil salinity ranged from 8-12 mg/l, was observed to be with the highest species richness and diversity, indicating its’ ecological and conservation significance that may be considered in mangrove management decision-making for the area. Presence of a few species of terrestrial and freshwater plants among the mangroves indicates salinity changes that would have taken place due to trans-basin diversion of water to the area for irrigation purposes.

Classification of floristic composition of mangrove forests using hyperspectral data: case study of Bhitarkanika National Park, India

Abstract: The aim of the present work is to unveil the potential of some of the unexplored remote sensing techniques for mangrove studies. The paper deals with the classification of an Earth Observing–1 Hyperion image of the mangrove area of Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha, India into mangrove floristic composition classes. Out of 196 calibrated bands of the image, 56 were found to be highly uncorrelated and contained maximum information; therefore, these 56 bands were used for classification. Amongst the three full–pixel classifiers tested in the investigation, Support Vector Machine produced the best results in terms of training pixel accuracy with overall precision of 96.85 %, in comparison to about 70–72.0 % for the other two classifiers. A total of five mangrove classes were obtained – pure or dominant class of Heritiera fomes, mixed class of H. fomes, mixed Excoecaria agallocha with Avicennia officinalis, mixed class of fringing Sonneratia apetala and class comprising of mangrove associates with salt resistant grasses. Post–classification field data also established the same. Pure or dominant classes of H. fomes occupied more than 50 % of the total mangrove vegetation in the forest blocks of the National Park. Spectral profile matching of image pixels with that of in–situ collected canopy reflectance profile revealed good match for H. fomes (pure or dominant stands). Red–edge index, which was a preferred criterion for matching was notably correlated in case of H. fomes and E. agallocha. The outcomes indicated the efficacy of hyperspectral canopy reflectance library for such kind of work. It is hoped that the methodology presented in this paper will prove to be useful and may be followed for producing mangrove floristic maps at finer levels.

Seasonal Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mangroves of Goa, India

Abstract: Seasonal dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition in three common mangrove plant species, namely, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha, and Rhizophora mucronata, from two sites in Goa, India, were investigated. In all three species variation in AM fungal spore density was observed. Maximum spore density and AM species richness were recorded in the premonsoon season, while minimum spore density and richness were observed during monsoon season at both sites. A total of 11 AM fungal species representing five genera were recorded. Acaulospora laevis was recorded in all seasons at both sites. Multivariate analysis revealed that season and host coaffected AM spore density and species richness with the former having greater influence than the latter.

In vitro Antioxidant Analysis and the DNA Damage Protective Activity of Leaf Extract of the Excoecaria agallocha Linn Mangrove Plant

Abstract: In this paper we evaluate the antioxidant potential of the leaves of the mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha Linn using in vitro assays. The methanol extract of E. agallocha Linn has exhibited potent free-radical scavenging activity particularly against DPPH (IC50- 67.50g/l) and water fraction observed to be effective in protecting oxidative DNA damage (100g/l). In addition, the presence of the hydrogen donating ability of the methanol extract exhibited reducing power (IC50 - 62.96 g). The water and methanol fraction of the extract has revealed a significant protective effect against Fenton's reaction on supercoiled pCAMBIA assayed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The extract also exhibited strong lipid peroxidation inhibition (IC50 -100g/l), nitric oxide radical inhibition (IC50 -4.8g/l) and a metal chelating effect (IC50 -2.47g) in a concentration dependent manner. This strong oxidative DNA damage preventive activity and radical scavenging activity of E. agallocha Linn may be associated with its rich content of flavonoids.

Anticancer activity of excoecaria agallocha leaf extract in cell line model

Abstract: Objective: To identify the anti-cancer activity of Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorbiaceae) is a Mangrove Plant used in folklore medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The present study was aimed at using leaf crude extract as anti cancer agent. The methanol extract was treated with under various concentrations and similarly treated with chloroform extract. The results are clearly indicated the anti cancer cell line activity of E. agallocha. Method: To analyze the in vitro studies using the crude extract. The leaf extract of E. agallocha was used for this study. Result: The cell viability was maximum at the lower concentration (µg/ml) when compare to higher concentration. At 3.906 (µg/ml) concentrations, the cell viability of 85.32 and 81.96 were found to occur at 1:128 dilution of Methanol and Chloroform extracts respectively. At the same concentration of 31.25 and at the dilution of 1.16, cell viability was observed 65.55 in methanol and 45.55 in chloroform extracts. At the higher concentration the cell viability of 22.35 and 8.12 was recorded in the Methanol and Chloroform extracts.

Effect of the extracts of Excoecaria agallocha on spore formation and budding in fungi

Abstract: Excoecaria agallocha is a mangrove plant used in traditional medicines for curing a wide variety of diseases. Research on the effect of the extracts on different organisms has yielded varying results. It was understood from literature studies that the extracts have wonderful healing effects and are used against many human disease conditions. Also, it was found to be effective in controlling a variety of plant pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, an attempt was made to test the antifungal effects of Excoecaria agallocha L. by the inhibition of spore formation in Fusarium oxysporum, Helminthosporium oryzae, Alternaria tennuis and budding in Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). It was proved that the extract was capable of bringing about the desired antifungal effect in a concentration dependent manner.

Salt Stress: A Biochemical and Physiological Adaptation of Some Indian Halophytes of Sundarbans

Abstract: Experiment was conducted with five typical mangroves (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Phoenix paludosa, and Xylocarpus granatum) both from Sundarbans (in-situ) and grown in mesophytic condition (ex-situ, in the Indian Statistical Institute’s premises) since 15–17 years. A comparative account on PAR utilization for maximum photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, total leaf proteins, and polymorphic expression of two antioxidative enzymes (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and two hydrolyzing enzymes (esterase and acid phosphatase) were estimated both qualitatively and quantitatively. The present work revealed that the net photosynthesis was higher in mangroves from mesophytic habitats than those of the native plants, but the PAR acquisitions for maximum photosynthesis were greater in most of the Sundarbans species, except H. fomes and X. granatum. At the same time, the stomatal conductance was remarkably depleted under salinity stressed habitats than those of the nonsaline counterparts and ranged between nearly 25 and 52%. Total leaf protein content form the above said taxa revealed that the increment of total protein occurred in mesophytic habitat and it was ranged between 156% (in P. paludosa) and 5.7% (in X. granatum). PAGE analysis revealed that in most of the cases there were extra numbers of protein bands expressed with relatively low molecular weight in saline habitat plants. In all salinity imposed plants, there were sharp increase in band intensity and number of isoforms of each enzyme. Peroxidase increment in saline plants was ranged between 257% (in Bruguiera) and 139% (in Excoecaria). Similarly, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was estimated as 247% (in Heritiera) to 147% (in Excoecaria) in saline habitats. Increments of esterase and acid phosphatase were varied from 287% (in Phoenix) to 154% (in Excoecaria) and 293% (in Bruguiera) to 139% (in Excoecaria), respectively. Salinity imposed increment of antioxidant enzymes proved their efficient scavenging ability to evolved reactive oxygen species (ROS), but these increments were relatively lower in Heritiera and Xylocarpus even though the net photosynthesis was higher. This might be related to their less adaptability in elevated salinity stress than those of the other three species investigated from the same regime. Among the plants grown in in situ condition, some taxa have the better ability of enzyme production, which might be correlated with the efficient stress management practice. A statistical relationship was observed between the total protein content and the investigated enzyme concentration, dependent on the habitat and discussed accordingly.

Spatial variation of chlorophyll integrity in a mangrove plant (Excoecaria agallocha) of Indian Sundarban, with special reference to leaf element and water salinity

Abstract: Present study describes a site specific variation of leaf elemental concentration and Photosynthetic pigment concentration in a mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha in Sundarban, India. Three locations (S1, S2 and S3) were selected according to water salinity gradient in north to southward direction. Range of water salinity is from 19 ppt to 34 ppt. All elements (Fe, Cu, and Mn) are found to be higher in S1 followed by S2 and S3 except Zn. They follow the trend like Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu. Interestingly photosynthetic pigment concentration (total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b) showed negative correlation with salinity i.e. increase in water salinity causes decrease in pigment concentration. Results from our study depicts that Sundarban is facing problems for increasing pollution load and water salinity. Keywords: Excoecaria agallocha, Leaf element, Mangrove, Salinity gradient, The Sundarban.

Screening of anti-oxidant status in selected mangrove plants in Pichvaram mangrove forest (south east coast of India)

Abstract: Mangroves have long been used in fisherman for traditional folk medicine to treat many diseases, however till date; these plant species have been not tested scientifically to validate their traditional uses. Hence our present studies to test antioxidant capacity of selected mangrove plants in picahvaram mangrove forest. Antioxidant activity of defatted Methanol extract of some mangrove plant leaves were studied for its free radical scavenging property on different In vitro models. 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Superoxide and total phenolic content were analyzed. The extracts showed good dose dependent free radical scavenging property in all samples. In this model high SOD and radical scavenging value indicated in, Excoecaria agallocha and low SOD and radical scavenging value was indicated in Avicennia marina Although the highest total phenolic content was found in Rhizophora mucronata extract, and low activity fund in Avicennia marina there is no positive correlation between evaluated antioxidant activities and the phenolic contents of examined the Pichavaram mangrove plants. The results clearly confirmed the antioxidative and free radical scavenging activity of the extract. In our feature study identification of the antioxidative constituents of the plants and evaluation of their probable anti-diabetic, anti-cancer and cardiac vascular disease properties is in progress.

Kandungan Senyawa Aktif dan Daya Antibakteri Daun Sambung Darah (ACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EXCOECARIA AGALLOCHA)

Abstract: Sambung darah (Excoecaria agallocha L.) leaves are often used as traditional medicine. This experimentwas done to analyze the compounds of E. agallocha extract against antibacterial activity either on Grampositive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae), and Gram negativebacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp.). Leaves extract of E. agallocha L. Was diluted with or madewith methanol percolation. Antibacterial activity test was performed by using paper diffusion, whileminimum concentration test was done by using dilution method. The result show that compounds ofsambung darah leaves extract were alkaloid, tanin, flavonoid, tritefenoid, glicosida and saponin. Sambungdarah extract has antibacterial activity on Gram positif bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S agalactiae),where as it has not antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella sp.).

Antimicrobial Screening and Bioactivity Guided Fractionation of Acetone Extracts of Excoecaria Agallocha

Abstract: Antimicrobial and bioactivity guided fractionation of acetone extract of various parts of Excoecaria agallocha was studied. The cold and hot acetone extracts of leaves, stem and pneumatophores were prepared and tested against clinical isolates like Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebseilla pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Candida albicans. The leaves extract inhibited growth of most of the test microorganisms, in which best results were found against S.aureus and S. typhi. The leaves cold extract registered 1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml MIC against S. aurerus and S. typhi respectively. Fungi C. albicans was found to be resistant to both leaves and stem cold extracts. Similarly in the hot extracts leaves inhibited growth of most of the test organisms. The best activity was found against S. aureus, S. typhi and C. albicans with MIC up to 5 mg/ml. Bioactivity guided fractionation study was carried out for target directed isolation and purification of active principles. To do this crude drug was fractionated in to petrolieum ether, water and acetone extracts. The best activity was noted in water (21 mm) and acetone (14 mm) fractions. This has indicated that potent bioactive principle is polar in nature and can be isolated from water fraction.

INVITRO ANTI- FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Excoecaria agallocha. L. FROM PICHAVARAMMANGROVE FOREST

Abstract: Excoecaria agallocha. L. is a mangrove plant about 5 to 8 m tall. It is unisexual, male and female plants are separate. This present study elucidates about antifungal effects crude extracts of leaves from E. agallocha. There are five fungal pathogens viz., Rhizactonia solani, Fusarium udum, Macrophomina phaseolina , Alterneria alternate, Sclerotium roysii were selected for this study. These fungal pathogens were isolated from infected crops and proven pathogens were obtained from CAS Botany Chennai and TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil nadu. Crude extracts of leaves shows significant antifungal effects against four fungal pathogens except one.

Research article INVITRO ANTI- FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Excoecaria agallocha. L. FROM PICHAVARAM MANGROVE FOREST

Abstract: Excoecaria agallocha. L. is a mangrove plant about 5 to 8 m tall. It is unisexual, male and female plants are separate. This present study elucidates about antifungal effects crude extracts of leaves from E. agallocha. There are five fungal pathogens viz., Rhizactonia solani, Fusarium udum, Macrophomina phaseolina , Alterneria alternate, Sclerotium roysii were selected for this study. These fungal pathogens were isolated from infected crops and proven pathogens were obtained from CAS Botany Chennai and TNAU, Coimbatore, Tamil nadu. Crude extracts of leaves shows significant antifungal effects against four fungal pathogens except one.

A Case Study on the Diversity of the Mangrove Ecosystem in Shenzhen Dongchong, Southern China

Abstract: The mangrove ecosystems can provide important ecological services, and studies on the mangroves are of great meaningful, and its researches are increasing. It is crucial to study the diversity of mangroves because it's the basis of the assessment and planning for the mangrove ecosystems. The mangrove ecosystem in Shenzhen Dongchong is an important Chinese mangrove ecosystem, which have not yet been surveyed until recent days. We carried out a field investigation in the year of 2009-2011 for this region. All the landscapes and five mangrove communities were investigated during these times using "Plant community investigation methods". Results showed that the area of the mangroves is about 3 hm 2 in 2009, and the mangroves in the central area of the ecosystem were protected, while other parts of the ecosystem had disturbed or degraded. The diversity of the mangrove community is low with a mean value of 0.502 in abundance and 0.564 in diversity. The native mangrove species included Excoecaria agallocha, Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, and Clerodendrum inerme,which are the key species in this mangrove ecosystem according to their important value. The landscapes were diverse, with seven kinds of wetland landscape found, of which the colorful Excoecaria agallocha is the most typical mangrove landscape in China or even in the world. Results indicated it's necessary and important to protect and restore this mangrove ecosystem especially for its native mangrove species and the typical landscape of Excoecaria agallocha, and district planning is needed and ecological restoration projects with landscape ecological philosophy is the key point for Dongchong mangrove ecosystems.