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Excoecaria agallocha

About: Excoecaria agallocha is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 362 publications have been published within this topic receiving 5042 citations. The topic is also known as: Gewa.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the complete profile of an important mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) and elaborately describing the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties could help guide researchers anticipating to undertake further investigations in these directions.
Abstract: Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances. This article provides a comprehensive review of the complete profile of an important mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae) and elaborately describing the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. It is used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases such as epilepsy, ulcers, leprosy, rheumatism, and paralysis. The latex obtained from the bark is poisonous in nature and may cause temporary blindness, thus it is also known as the blind-your-eye mangrove plant. Many phytoconstituents were isolated from the plant, which were mainly diterpenoids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, and few other compounds. The plant also showed many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anticancer, antireverse transcriptase, antihistamine-release, antifilarial, DNA damage protective, antidiabetic, and antitumor protecting activities. Hence, this review could help guide researchers anticipating to undertake further investigations in these directions.

44 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the distribution and characterization of remaining mangrove stands in Hong Kong and found that 43 mangroves still remained along the coastline of Hong Kong despite tremendous reclamation and development which occurred in the past 40 years.
Abstract: Ecological surveys were carried out to investigate the distribution and characterization of remaining mangrove stands in Hong Kong The field studies indicate that 43 mangrove stands, excluding Mai Po Nature Reserve, still remained along the coastline of Hong Kong despite tremendous reclamation and development which occurred in the past 40 years Most mangrove stands were found in Deep Bay (western part) and Sai Kung District (eastern coasts) The total areas occupied by these mangrove stands were 178 ha, varying from a very small stand (with 1–2 mangrove shrubs) to fairly extensive mangroves in Deep Bay (> 10 ha) It appeared that mangrove stands located in Deep Bay area were larger than those in the eastern coasts Twenty plant species were identified from these stands, with 13 being exclusive or associate mangrove species The major constituent species were Kandelia candel, Aegiceras corniculatum, Excoecaria agallocha and Avicennia marina Rare species such as Heritiera littoralis were only found in a few mangrove stands Out of the 43 remaining mangrove stands, 23 were more worthwhile for conservation and their plant community structures were further investigated by transect and quadrat analyses The importance values (sum of relative abundance, frequency and dominance) show that K candel was the most dominant species Species richness and Simpson’s indices together with tree height, tree density and canopy area fluctuated significantly between mangrove stands These values were used to prioritize the conservation potential of the remaining mangrove stands in Hong Kong

43 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group, and all species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species.
Abstract: DNA from pooled leaf samples of 11 true major mangrove, three true minor mangrove, two mangrove associate, two mangrove parasite, three terrestrial and one cultivated species were isolated for the present study. In total, 198 random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and 180 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci were scored by using ten primers and 14 enzyme-probe combinations respectively. The polymorphism observed for these markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity in mangroves at both inter-specific or inter-generic levels. A dendrogram, constructed after pooling both RAPD and RFLP data, using a similarity index was analysed for genome relationships among these species. The dendrogram showed clustering of all the major mangroves, except for Nypa fruticans (Arecaceae), into one group. All species under the tribe Rhizophorae formed a sub-cluster, to which Xylocarpus granatum was found to be the most closesly related species. The clustering pattern implied that Excoecaria agallocha and Acanthus ilicifolius should be considered as true minor mangroves. The present study also provided molecular data favouring the separation of Avicennia spp. from the Verbenaceae to create a monotypic family the Avicenniaceae. The separation of Viscum orientale into the Viscaceae was also favoured.

43 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The structures 1-5 of the individual daphnane type irritant EXCOECARIA factors were elucidated by spectroscopic means and their irritant activities were determined quantitatively on the mouse ear.
Abstract: From leaves of E. OPPOSITIFOLIA the irritant EXCOECARIA factor O (1) was isolated. Its structure 1 was shown to be identical with that of a factor obtained by transesterification of the cryptic EXCOECARIA factor group O (')(z) from the latex of the plant. From the non-irritant ethyl acetate fractions of the latices of E. AGALLOCHA, E. OPPOSITIFOLIA and E. BICOLOR, three TLC-homogenous non-irritant mixtures A (')(z), O (')(z) and B (')(z) were isolated and shown to represent non-separable cryptic EXCOECARIA factor groups containing 9,13,14-orthoesters of 5beta-hydroxyresiniferonol esterified in 20-position. The mixtures may be activated by mild treatment with sodium methoxide to generate mixtures of highly irritant factor groups A (z), O (z) and B (z) together with mixtures of aliphatic acid methylesters. The former may be separated partially by reversed phase TLC and yielded EXCOECARIA factors O (1), O (2), A (3), B (3) and B (4) together with residual non-separable factor groups. The structures 1-5 of the individual daphnane type irritant EXCOECARIA factors were elucidated by spectroscopic means. Their irritant activities were determined quantitatively on the mouse ear. The mixtures of methyl esters of aliphatic acids were analyzed by GC. Thus the complete structures of the cryptic factor groups from latex were deduced.

43 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of mangrove harvesting on tree biodiversity in South Sulawesi, Indonesia is investigated and Rhizophora sp.
Abstract: Mangrove forests are one of the most important coastal ecosystems as they support many local communities. However, over the last two decades harvesting of mangrove forests has been extensive with effects on mangrove biodiversity and ecosystem services. We investigate the effect of mangrove harvesting on tree biodiversity in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using two line transects each in ten mangrove forests, mangrove composition, species dominance, density, frequency, coverage, and stem diameter and diversity were recorded. Interviews detailing provisioning ecosystem services were also conducted with local forestry and fishery workers to determine the level of exploitation. Ten mangrove species were recorded (Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba) belonging to six families (Avicenniaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Combretaceae, Arecaceae and Sonneratiaceae). Mangrove forests are now dominated by saplings and seedlings, with few trees above 15 cm diameter at breast height. Rhizophora sp. were found to be the most important and dominant species. Rhizophora sp. was the most widely used as it was deemed the most suitable for firewood and charcoal. In addition, it is the main species planted in mangrove restoration projects, which have focused on establishing production forest rather than restoring natural species composition and structure. Despite the decrease in biodiversity, the mangroves still provide a wide range of ecosystem services to the communities in the area.

43 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20218
202014
201913
201822
201718
201615