Exercise physiology

About: Exercise physiology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6485 publications have been published within this topic receiving 436018 citations.

Exercise and physical activity for older adults

Abstract: The purpose of this Position Stand is to provide an overview of issues critical to understanding the importance of exercise and physical activity in older adult populations. The Position Stand is divided into three sections: Section 1 briefly reviews the structural and functional changes that characterize normal human aging, Section 2 considers the extent to which exercise and physical activity can influence the aging process, and Section 3 summarizes the benefits of both long-term exercise and physical activity and shorter-duration exercise programs on health and functional capacity. Although no amount of physical activity can stop the biological aging process, there is evidence that regular exercise can minimize the physiological effects of an otherwise sedentary lifestyle and increase active life expectancy by limiting the development and progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. There is also emerging evidence for significant psychological and cognitive benefits accruing from regular exercise participation by older adults. Ideally, exercise prescription for older adults should include aerobic exercise, muscle strengthening exercises, and flexibility exercises. The evidence reviewed in this Position Stand is generally consistent with prior American College of Sports Medicine statements on the types and amounts of physical activity recommended for older adults as well as the recently published 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. All older adults should engage in regular physical activity and avoid an inactive lifestyle.

Exercise Standards for Testing and Training A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Abstract: The purpose of this report is to provide revised standards and guidelines for the exercise testing and training of individuals who are free from clinical manifestations of cardiovascular disease and those with known cardiovascular disease. These guidelines are intended for physicians, nurses, exercise physiologists, specialists, technologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in exercise testing and training of these populations. This report is in accord with the “Statement on Exercise” published by the American Heart Association (AHA).1 These guidelines are a revision of the 1995 standards of the AHA that addressed the issues of exercise testing and training.2 An update of background, scientific rationale, and selected references is provided, and current issues of practical importance in the clinical use of these standards are considered. These guidelines are in accord with the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA Guidelines for Exercise Testing.3 ### The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Exercise, a common physiological stress, can elicit cardiovascular abnormalities that are not present at rest, and it can be used to determine the adequacy of cardiac function. Because exercise is only one of many stresses to which humans can be exposed, it is more appropriate to call an exercise test exactly that and not a “stress test.” This is particularly relevant considering the increased use of nonexercise stress tests. ### Types of Exercise Three types of muscular contraction or exercise can be applied as a stress to the cardiovascular system: isometric (static), isotonic (dynamic or locomotory), and resistance (a combination of isometric and isotonic).4,5 Isotonic exercise, which is defined as a muscular contraction resulting in movement, primarily provides a volume load to the left ventricle, and the response is proportional to the size of the working muscle mass and the intensity of exercise. Isometric exercise is defined as a muscular contraction without movement (eg, handgrip) and imposes greater pressure than volume …

Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance

Abstract: Introduction: A View of the Past Exercise Physiology: Roots and Historical Perspectives NUTRITION: THE BASE FOR HUMAN PERFORMANCE Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Optimal Nutrition for Exercise ENERGY FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Energy Value of Food Introduction to Energy Transfer Energy Transfer in the Body Energy Transfer in Exercise Measurement of Human Energy Expenditure Human Energy Expenditure During Rest and Physical Activity Energy Expenditure During Walking, Jogging, Running, and Swimming Individual Differences and Measurement of Energy Capacities SYSTEMS OF ENERGY DELIVERY AND UTILIZATION Pulmonary Structure and Function Gas Exchange and Transport Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation The Cardiovascular System Cardiovascular Regulation and Integration Functional Capacity of the Cardiovascular System Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function Neural Control of Human Movement The Endocrine System ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY CAPACITY Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger Special Aids to Exercise Performance and Conditioning EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS Exercise at Medium and High Altitude Exercise and Thermal Stress Sport Diving Microgravity: The Last Frontier BODY COMPOSITION, ENERGY BALANCE, AND WEIGHT CONTROL Body Composition Assessment Physique, Performance, and Physical Activity Obesity and Weight Control EXERCISE, SUCCESSFUL AGING, AND DISEASE PREVENTION Physical Activity, Health, and Aging Clinical Exercise Physiology for Cancer, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Rehabilitation ON THE HORIZON Molecular Biology: A New Vista for Exercise Physiology Appendix A: The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology Appendix B: Nutritive Values for Common Foods, Alcoholic and Nonalcoholic Beverages, and Specialty and Fast-Food Items Appendix C: Energy Expenditure in Household, Occupational, Recreational, and Sports Activities Appendix D: Metabolic Computations in Open-Circuit Spirometry Appendix E: Honors and Awards of Interviewees More Appendices are on the connection Website, connection.lww.com/go/MKK6e

Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences

Abstract: Regularly performed endurance exercise induces major adaptations in skeletal muscle. These include increases in the mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity of the muscle fibers. As a consequence of the increase in mitochondria, exercise of the same intensity results in a disturbance in homeostasis that is smaller in trained than in untrained muscles. The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate production during exercise of a given intensity. These adaptations play an important role in the large increase in the ability to perform prolonged strenuous exercise that occurs in response to endurance exercise training.

Heart-Rate Recovery Immediately after Exercise as a Predictor of Mortality

Abstract: Background The increase in heart rate that accompanies exercise is due in part to a reduction in vagal tone. Recovery of the heart rate immediately after exercise is a function of vagal reactivation. Because a generalized decrease in vagal activity is known to be a risk factor for death, we hypothesized that a delayed fall in the heart rate after exercise might be an important prognostic marker. Methods For six years we followed 2428 consecutive adults (mean [±SD] age, 57±12 years; 63 percent men) without a history of heart failure or coronary revascularization and without pacemakers. The patients were undergoing symptom-limited exercise testing and single-photon-emission computed tomography with thallium scintigraphy for diagnostic purposes. The value for the recovery of heart rate was defined as the decrease in the heart rate from peak exercise to one minute after the cessation of exercise. An abnormal value for the recovery of heart rate was defined as a reduction of 12 beats per minute or less from th...