Showing papers on "Expansionism published in 1975"

The Popular Universities and the Origins of Aprismo, 1921-1924

Abstract: A multitude of events and currents of thought influenced the formation and rise of the Peruvian Aprista Movement: the Mexican and Russian revolutions, the university reform movement, the emergence of organized workers' groups, the rise of foreign economic expansionism, and the impact of the ideologies of Marxism, socialism, and nationalism. Most of the studies of the Aprista Movement, however, have tended to emphasize its intellectual indebtedness to the university reform movement, with little attention paid to the immediate and proximate way in which the Peruvian university students reacted to the reform movement. Between the beginning of the university reform movement in Peru in 1919 and the appearance of the Aprista Movement in 1924 several important events occurred that decisively shifted the university reform movement into politics and stamped the Peruvian movement with several original characteristics distinguishing it from other university-based reform movements in the rest of Latin America. The most significant of these events was the founding of the Gonzalez Prada Popular Universities for workers by Haya de la Torre and his companion students at San Marcos University in 1921. The purpose of the centers originally was to further the aims of the university reform movement by bringing the benefits of culture and learning to the poor and uneducated. When President Augusto B. Legulia suppressed these centers in 1924 and exiled most of the leaders, Haya and his companions turned their cultural movement into the Aprista Movement and later into the Peruvian Aprista Party.'

Alternatives in Technology

Abstract: The universal dream of a coming Age of Affluence, modern style, has been shattered. Modern expansionism is coming to its predictable and inevitable end. The now apparent failure of its techno-economic system stems directly from a systematic neglect of the truism that Man's greatest resource is man, his initiative, intelligence and creativity. Modern economic thinking takes goods as its point of departure, instead of people. The results are the destruction of the wholesomeness of man's work, deleterious pollution of his natural environment and increasingly threatening resource depletion.Solutions to these problems cannot be found without a fundamental reorientation of technology, so as to make possible the development of a new life-style which means new Patterns of production, new patterns of consumption and new patterns of the geographical distribution of the population (e.g. urbanization).Systematic work in this direction has been carried on by the Intermediate Technology development Group in London sinc...

Economic Imperialism Revisited: Late-Nineteenth-Century Europe and Africa

Abstract: Until fairly recent times, the concept of economic imperialism has maintained a somewhat shadowy relationship with scholarship on the actual history of modern empire. John Hobson and V. I. Lenin, usually considered the seminal proponents of economic imperialism, were not themselves very serious students of overseas expansion; their most powerful arguments, when not reducible to contemporary polemics, are focused on domestic developments in Europe. Following the appearance of Lenin's Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism in 1917, his ideas (with heavy emphasis on those borrowed from the more easily digested Hobson) became the orthodox interpretation of imperialism not only for the organized communist movement but also among anticolonial socialists and liberals in all corners of the Western empires. At the same time Marxist historians undertook relatively little research on the subject of imperialism. Scholars who dominated the field before World War II, such as William L. Langer, gave lip service to economic interpretations without incorporating them systematically into their own essentially political analyses.1 In the 1950s and 1960s liberal and conservative historians became more aggressive, treating the "Hobson/ Lenin" thesis as a straw man against which to posit assertions that imperialism was predominantly motivated by political considerations.2 More recently still, the study of imperialism has shifted to a greater concern with economics, although seldom in the terms set by Hobson, Lenin, or other Marxist analysts of the same era. The works to be discussed in this article all concentrate on late-nineteenth-century European expansionist policies and/or their impact upon Africa, but they approach these problems from a variety of viewpoints. One group of more or less orthodox Marxists has mounted a counterattack upon the "primacy of politics" critique of economic imperialism. Meanwhile, the original proponents of this critique have revised their views somewhat so as to relate economic crises on overseas areas to political action in the European metropoles. Other historians have begun to use African economic history as a base from which to reexamine the imperialist process. Fourth, a more eclectic school of Leftists are looking at late-nineteenth-century territorial annexation from the perspective of the long-term relationship between Western capitalism and the "underdeveloping" Third World. Finally, the Leninist notion of "social