Showing papers on "Expansionism published in 1998"

Central banking in a democratic society

Abstract: This Tinbergen lecture addresses two issues. The first concerns the principles of monetary policy in a low-inflation environment. The second, more fundamental, issue concerns the institutional arrangements by which monetary policy is set in a democratic society. Three conclusions are drawn: (1) Monetary policy matters. Despite some major mistakes, American postwar economic policy has led to far greater stability of the economy. (2) Strategies of opportunistic disinflation or pre-emptive strikes are based on hypotheses for which there is little empirical support. An alternative strategy, called cautious expansionism, would be preferable. (3) A central bank must be accountable and sensitive to democratic processes; there must be more democracy in the choice of decision makers and more representativeness in the governance structure.

The Myth of Green Marketing: Tending Our Goats at the Edge of Apocalypse

Abstract: In this groundbreaking study, Toby Smith analyses the role that social myths such as green marketing play in public understanding of the environmental crisis This book introduces the concept of hegemony into environmental politics, using the concept to elucidate the political, economic, and social alliance that sustains our belief in industrial expansionism The ecological crisis of the late twentieth century presents a challenge to the very foundations of this alliance The hegemonic system reacts to a threat to its structure by producing social myths that provide a common sense understanding of the threat Smith examines one such social myth, the contemporary phenomenon known as green marketing, and how it came to reinforce, rather than challenge, the ethics of productivism By analysing green marketing as it relates primarily to the early 1990s corporate campaigns of companies such as McDonald's, Shell Chemicals, and Mobil Chemical Co, Smith demonstrates how these voices weave together an understanding of green consumerism using familiar language from economic and liberal democratic discourses The Myth of Green Marketing is an original and important contribution to the field of environmental studies As the first book on green marketing, it is sure to raise controversy with its unique discussion of the cultural and social aspects of environmental issues

Justice and Indigenous Land Rights

Abstract: Political theorists have begun to re-examine claims by indigenous peoples to lands which were expropriated in the course of sixteenth-eighteenth century European expansionism. In Australia, these issues have captured public attention as they emerged in two central High Court cases: Mabo (1992) and Wik (1996), which recognize pre-existing common law rights of native title held by indigenous people prior to European contact and, in some cases, continue to be held to the present day. The theoretical significance of the two Australian cases is examined and the links drawn out between the current debate about Aboriginal land rights in Australia and the wider philosophical debate about indigenous land rights, property rights, and indigenous justice as characterized by Jeremy Waldron and James Tully. Justice towards indigenous groups requires substantial acknowledgement and recognition of the values and institutions of the relevant indigenous group; yet, these values and institutions may not readily fall under t...

Internal Colonialism and the Uyghur Nationality: Chinese Nationalism and its Subaltern Subjects

Abstract: The economic and political ascendency of the People's Republic of China at the end of this century has made China's neighbors nervous. While China's intentions toward the recovery of Hong Kong and Taiwan are clear, much doubt remains about China's other expansionist goals. This article suggests that while China may not have expansionist designs on any of its neighboring territory that is already considered part of China, policy shifts toward China's subaltern groups indicate that a ris...

The Italian Navy and Fascist expansionism, 1935-40

Abstract: Correra della serra - interview with Robert Mallett (in Italian) Warships - Winter 99 - an article penned by robert Mallett - see files also "This well-argued and researched book has caused a stir in Italy" Review section of Warships, Winter 99 " this is a well written and widely researched monograph" - Choice, May 1999 Journal of Military History, Vol 64, No 2, April 2000 "Mallett has well researched naval planning in Italian naval archives. However, on the whole the work seems incomlete, its archival reach limited, its assertions at times inadequately documented, and contrary evidence slighted. Nonetheless, Mallett"s study enhances the debate that it does not resolve." The Marnier"s Mirror "his meticulous research among sources in two languages has produced an admirable work that makes a quantum leap in the English language understanding of Italy"s position. This book has a very definate place on the shelves of anyone whose interests cover the diplomatice or maritime history of the period

Manifest Destiny and Empire: American Antebellum Expansionism

Abstract: Six scholars consider important aspects of American antebellum expansion in this collection of studies newly available in paperback.Robert W. Johannsen of the University of Illinois at Urbana offers fresh insight into the meaning of the term ""manifest destiny,"" arguing for a broader definition.John M. Belohlavek of the University of South Florida takes a close look at the expansionist attitudes of Caleb Cushing, a Massachusetts politician, diplomat, reformer, and intellectual.Thomas R. Hietala of Grinnell College examines the complicated clash of cultures (the result of Manifest Destiny) and how it was viewed by observant individuals such as George Catlin, a painter who traveled and lived among Native Americans just prior to the expansionist surge of the 1840s.Winner of the Webb essay competition for 1996, Samuel J. Watson of Rice University studies U.S. Army officers' responses to territorial expansionism between 1815 and 1846. Sam W. Haynes uncovers the social and political complexities, including a widespread fear of Great Britain, that made Texas' annexation the most divisive issue of its day. Finally, Robert E. May of Purdue University offers a compelling examination of American filibustering during the Manifest Destiny era.

The Geopolitical Constitution: Executive Expediency and Executive Agreements

Abstract: From the Founding through the Second World War well established understandings constrained executive power over foreign relations. Since the Cold War the executive has enlarged its foreign relations power. Courts and commentators justified and defended the growth of executive power in relation to two geopolitical phenomenon. First, the executive was better positioned to command the United States' wider global responsibilities. Second, the threat posed by Soviet expansionism and nuclear missile technology did not afford time for congressional deliberation. While scholars have debated whether the Cold War actually justified the extent of executive power, they have generally accepted as a self-evident proposition that the president's authority should expand in response to geopolitical circumstances. Professor Paul characterizes the proposition that presidential power expands relative to geopolitical exigencies as a "discourse of executive expediency." Paul traces the origin of this discourse to the domestic debates over the Bricker Amendment, McCarthysm and the War in Indochina and shows how courts used this justificatory rhetoric to construct a new method for interpreting the president's constitutional powers. Focusing particularly on the use of executive agreements, Paul argues that even in the absence of any external threat, courts willingly suspended critical judgments and embraced expediency discourse. In Paul's view, the expansion of the president's foreign relations power obstructed public accountability, facilitated interventionism, and corrupted the policy-making process. Paul challenges the continued reliance on Cold War discourse and offers an alternative approach to adjudicating questions on the reach of executive foreign relations power.

Strategic location and sovereignty: Modern micronesia in the historical context of American expansionism

Abstract: The historical and political geographies of strategic areas are commonly formulated in terms of those who define them as strategic. When the Micronesian islands are considered, the routes upon which they lie are emphasised and analyses are formulated in terms of seaborne empires or with reference to the colonial histories of the powers that have contested possession of the islands. This essay frames the matter of Micronesia's location in Micronesian terms—that is, from the perspective of the Micronesians who have long sought to reclaim sovereignty over their homeland—in addition to considering strategic theories and imperial expansion of specific regimes. Micronesians cannot move the islands out of their strategic location, but they have worked to recast their political status, reducing threats to their security. The paper emphasises the interaction between strategic location and political status: for small and/or weak territories, sovereignty is a resource to be cultivated and exploited, its val...

Expansionism in Italy and Germany between Unification and the First World War: On the Ideological and Political Origins of Fascist Expansionism:

Abstract: ever, an increasing interest developed in the concept of fascism as the outcome of a special pattern of ideological and social development followed by the two countries after their unifications. This tendency was stronger in the case of Germany, since the Reich was widely held responsible for the outbreak of the two world wars, but was also amplified with reference to Italy after the crucial role of the fascist regime in paving the way for the Axis and, eventually, for war. Consequently, the focus moved to the continuity of an aggressive expansionist ideological tradition, evident in Italy and Germany since the last quarter of the nineteenth century.’ At the same time, the ’primacy of domestic policy’ thesis directed attention to the development of long-term authoritarian structures in the two political systems, to the crisis of the Italian and German traditional elites, and to the dynamic

Dealing with de Gaulle

Abstract: Kennedy and his advisers saw General Charles de Gaulle as the most serious obstacle to their “Grand Design,” a set of policies designed to guide Western Europe toward political unity and economic and strategic coordination with the United States. JFK sought to create an “Atlantic partnership” in which the US and its North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) allies would share the burden of supplying economic aid to the developing world and form a united military front against Soviet expansionism. De Gaulle’s determination to restore French independence and grandeur made him an unwilling partner. American officials believed his intransigence was rooted in an outdated and excessive form of French nationalism. Since France lacked sufficient forces and resources to meet the general’s alleged hegemonic ambition, he appeared a “tragic” figure, or, as Under Secretary of State George W. Ball put it, “the brilliant anachronism who disrupted Europe by undertaking a tour de force beyond the reach of his extraordinary abilities.”1

Shingwaukonse: A nineteenth-century innovative Ojibwa leader

Abstract: Information derived from an ethnohistorical analysis of Shingwaukonse's leadership career is used to assess a prevailing ethnographic contention that self-interested action characterized leadership among the Ojibwa by the mid-nineteenth century. It is argued that while the above position may be appropriate with regard to southwestern Ojibwa groups defiantly resisting white western expansionism, leaders in the northeastern sector of the Upper Great Lakes were seeking creative ways in which to assist bands in preserving the spirit of reciprocity traditionally characterizing relations between leader and group. Recent anthropological studies have demonstrated that the Ojibwa view of power relationships differs substantially from western conceptions of competitive self-interest, a finding that provides a convenient point of departure for a historical investigation not only of Shingwaukonse's career but also of certain important political, social, and economic developments that arose as a legacy of this chief's ideas and actions.

The Uses of Territories in Conflicts A psychological perspective 1

Abstract: The course of events in the former Soviet Union and in the Balkans has strengthened the rationale for studying destructive forms of territoriality, such as ethnic cleansing, territorial expansionism and aggressive nationalism. Mainstream analyses regard territoriality as a strategy to exercise control over resources and people. In this essay, I present a phenomenological approach for analysing the psychological roots of destructive territorial behaviour. The processes of establishing, stabilizing, and defending coherent individual and collective identities are used as starting-points for discussing the relationships between individual identities, collective identities, and territoriality. I emphasize the role played by the fragility and vulnerability of identity systems, and the need to use external supporting structures for stabilizing the sense of a coherent identity. This perspective is especially relevant in chaotic and threatening circumstances, such as in escalating social conflicts. The concepts of “benign“ and “malign“ territoriality are introduced in order to facilitate a differentiated analysis of territoriality in violent conflicts. From a psychological perspective, territoriality may play a constructive role by providing “safe spaces“ that enable conflict parties to engage in mature modes of conflict management. Finally, I suggest five research issues related to the psychological aspects of territoriality in conflicts meriting further study. 1. Territoriality in social conflicts The recent geopolitical upheavals in the former Soviet Union and in the Balkans have painfully reintroduced the theme of human territoriality to the awareness of us Europeans. Several state formations have disintegrated because various types of movements have striven to establish more ethnically homogeneous states. In cases where these processes have led to civil war, we have witnessed a wide range of horrible forms of territoriality: forced resettlement, ethnic cleansing, territorial expansionism, militant separatism, stereotyped enemy images, and the establishment of new, rigorously controlled boundaries. The period of geopolitical stability in Europe from World War II until the late 1980’s led to the sense that peaceful integration had definitely superseded the violent territorial conflicts of earlier periods. Unfortunately, malign forms of territoriality are still key phenomena in contemporary international and ethnic conflicts; therefore we need a good theoretical insight into the role of territoriality in violent conflicts. Territoriality can be studied from several different perspectives. In the social sciences, territoriality is usually seen as a political phenomenon, i.e. as a strategy to exercise control over resources and people (Sack, 1986). From this perspective, the central unit of analysis is the state, and the analysis seldom surpasses the institutional level. In political geography the establishment and the transformations of the system

Norwegian Arctic Expansionism, Victoria Island (Russia) and the Bratvaag Expedition

Abstract: Victoria Island ( Ostrov Viktoriya in Russian) is the westernmost island of the Russian Arctic. The legal status of this island and neighbouring Franz Josef Land was unclear in 1929 and 1930. At that time Norwegian interests attempted, through a secret campaign to annex Victoria Island and gain a foothold on parts of Franz Josef Land. We describe the events leading up to the Norwegian annexation, which was later abandoned for political reasons.

The politics of sentimentality and the german fürstenbund, 1779–1785

Abstract: This article examines the history of the German Furstenbund prior to the Prussian take-over of the scheme in 1785. In charting the union's initial conception as a small-state alliance designed to resist both Prussian and Austrian expansionism, the article reveals the cultural dimension of imperial diplomacy. Exclusive concentration on the straightforward diplomatic sources produced by Prussian-style bureaucracies has led historians to underrate the contribution of smaller German principalities, which typically employed more indirect, metaphorical means of political communication. A prominent example of such ‘cultural politics’ is the process by which Prince Franz of Anhalt-Dessau drew on English precedents in shaping the Furstenbund. Its participants were to be united not just by formal agreements, but by a shared spirit. Under the leadership of a ‘Patriot king’, they were to act as champions of ancient regional liberties, thus resembling the English aristocrats of the anti-Walpole opposition whom Franz admired. At the same time, an English-inspired rhetoric of sentimentalism was employed to suggest that this political union would function in analogy with sentimental friendships, creating a firmer bond whilst preserving that small-state ‘individualism’ which was the source of so many reform initiatives in the late eighteenth-century German Empire.

L'odyssée religieuse de Vasilij Grigorovič Barskij à travers les chrétientés Latine et Grecque (1723-1747)

Abstract: The Religious Odyssey of Vasilij Grigorovic Barskij Through Latin and Greek Christendom (1723-1747) Relating his pilgrimages through Poland, Hungary, Austria, Italy, the Greek islands, Mount Athos and the Near East, the Kievan Vasilij Barskij devotes a great deal of attention to the confrontation between Latin and Greek faiths. His testimony is a contrasted one. It includes sympathetic descriptions of Western European mores and even of specifically Catholic supports of worship, such as sculptures or musical instruments. Meanwhile, Barskij denounces «Papist» expansionism in traditionally «Greek» fields and tells several tales of violence commited by Catholics against Orthodoxs. Neither does Barskij spare his criticisms to the rigorist monks of the Athos (most of them Serbians or Bulgarians) who doubt the Orthodoxy of the Ukrainian people coming to the Holy Mountain. Well aware of the cultural gap between his native land, under the rule of the powerful Russian sovereign, and the cradle of Orthodoxy, under Ottoman yoke, Vasilij experiences a mix of respect and condescension towards the Greek «great Church in captivity». In the end, he elaborates a sort of climate theory, recognizing the validity of both Catholic and Orthodox faiths, within their ancestral boundaries.