Showing papers on "Extended producer responsibility published in 1997"

The law of waste management

Abstract: The changing concept of "waste" The definition of "waste" The EU framework for control UK domestic Legislation Horizontal controls on waste Waste management legislation within the UK Planning and permitting of waste management operations Processing and transport of waste and hazardous materials Producer responsibility Regulation of specific waste streams Other legislative controls, including taxation Corporate governance Annex: Sources of legislation and guidance.

A Theory of Production with Waste and Recycling

Abstract: The management of solid waste has become an urgent problem. Product responsibility means that a product will accompany its producer from cradle to grave; prevention, recycling and disposal of waste are part of a theory of the firm which we develop under solid residual management. We assume that the government stimulates firms to enhance recycling of resources by a fee on waste. A comparative statics analysis shows the impact of a fee on waste reduction, on the structure of the production process, on recycling, on input demand, material saving effort, number of firms, and on the amount of waste disposal.

Mixed policies for recovery and disposal of multiple type assembly products : commercial exploitation of compulsory return flows

Abstract: New government policies aim at the closure of material flows as part of Integrated Chain Management (ICM). One of the main implementation instruments is extended producer responsibility, which makes Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) formally responsible for take-back, recovery and reuse of discarded products. One of the key problems for OEMs is to determine to what extent return products must be disassembled and which Recovery and Disposal (RD-) options should be applied. On a tactical management level, this involves anticipation to problems like meeting legislation, limited volumes of secondary end markets, bad quality of return products and facility investments in recycling infrastructure. In this paper a model is described that can be used to find such a Recovery and Disposal Policy for multiple product types. The objective function incorporates technical, ecological and commercial decision criteria and optimisation occurs using a rwo-level optimisation procedure. First, a set of potential Product Recovery and Disposal Strategies is generated for each separate product type. Secondly, optimal PRD-strategies are assigned to the products within the context of a coherent product group. The aim is to find an optimal balance berween maximising net profit and meeting constraints like recovery targets, limited market volumes and processing capacities, A TV-case is worked out to illustrate the working of the model.

Nachhaltige Entwicklung im Bereich der Kreislaufwirtschaft

Abstract: Paper is a material which is part and parcel of civilisation. Since its invention it has had a substantial influence on the development of humanity. We can hardly imagine modern society existing without paper. It is an extremely versatile material, which acts as a carrier of information, as packaging, as hygienic material and in many other special applications. From the ecological point of view paper has two significant advantages. Firstly, it is derived from wood, a renewable raw material, secondly, used paper can be converted into new paper. Given these pre-conditions paper can be the pattern for a sustainable development. An ecologically aligned paper economy can minimise effects on the environment and close up ecological cycles. The policy of the Federal Government, which deals with the closed substance cycle, ties in with the natural advantages of paper. The Packaging Ordinance, which is based on the principle of product responsibility, has built for paper a solid bridge between industrial production and waste disposal. As far as graphic papers are concerned, this was affected by the participants in this economic activity by a negotiated commitment. The successful efforts in both these fields show clearly that the closed loop and producer's responsibility have been accepted by those concerned as a challenge for the future. The Act for promoting closed substance cycle waste management and insuring environmentally compatible waste disposal establishes the legal basis for the policy of the Federal Government on this matter. In the sense of the principles of sustainable development, this Regulation has as its aim that the waste of an economic activity should again become raw material of production. For the very first time have the product and production responsibility of producers of goods, and the avoidance and re-use of waste by the producing industry, been made into instruments of law. The details of this regulation ensure that the recycling of waste occurs in an environmentally friendly manner and that noxious materials are not disposed of by adding them to the product or passed into the environment. This ensures that the principle of a sustainable development concerning waste is fully observed. The Act mentioned above forms a development of the EU Waste Regulation and is based on the wider meaning of waste, in which waste paper is regarded as ,,waste for recycling. Although the legal regulations, which apply to waste paper utilisation, do not imply special restrictions, the very word waste can lead to a problem with the image of waste paper recycling, which can be detrimental concerning the closed substance cycle. On the basis of the EU-legalities, matters concerning image problems with waste paper recycling can only be dealt with on the EU-level. The Federal Government therefore supports initiatives of the waste paper recycling industry and its associations, to try to negotiate with the EU Commission concerning a further development of the EU regulation on waste. This should be seen against the background that the successful recycling of waste paper forms a model for the policy of the closed substance cycle of the Federal Government.

Extended Producer Responsibility: A Primer

Abstract: "The responsibility, that the waste generated during the production processes could be taken care of in a proper way, from an environmental and resource-saving point of view, should primarily be of the manufacturer. Before the manufacturing of a product is commenced it should be known how the waste which is a result of the production process should be treated, as well as how the product should be taken care of when discarded."

Management of process industry waste : an introduction

Abstract: Framework for waste management waste law and regulatory authorities process and waste characterization waste minimization on-site waste treatment off-site waste disposal safety and health issues.