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Showing papers on "Extended producer responsibility published in 2022"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors bring out the global best practices in the field of E-waste management, to shed light on the importance of policy implementation, technology requirement and social awareness to arrive at a sustainable and circular economy.
Abstract: The trending need for smarter electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is surging globally by the year and is giving rise to huge amounts of outdated EEE going into landfills. This has caused enormous threats to our environment and the health of living beings due to its unsustainable ways of collection, treatment and disposal of waste EEE or E-waste. With increasing E-waste, the formal sectors lack infrastructure, technology and expertise required to collect and process the E-waste in an environmentally sound manner. This article is intended to bring out the global best practices in the field of E-waste management, to shed light on the importance of policy implementation, technology requirement and social awareness to arrive at a sustainable and circular economy. Although about 71% of the world’s populace has incorporated E-waste legislation, there is a need to enforce and implement a common legal framework across the globe. The article explains the gap created among the stakeholders and their knowledge on the roles and responsibilities towards a legalized E-waste management. It further explains the lack of awareness on extended producer responsibility (EPR) and producer responsibility schemes. Despite various legislations in force, numerous illegal practices such as acid leaching, open incineration, illegal dumping carried out by the informal sector are causing harm to the environment, natural resources and the safety of unorganized and unskilled labor. The article discusses the crucial need for awareness amongst stakeholders, consumer behavior and the global challenges and opportunities in this field to achieve a low-carbon, circular economy. To conclude, the article highlights the importance of common legal framework, EPR and licenses, transformation of the informal sector, benchmark technologies, responsibilities of various stakeholders and entrepreneurial opportunities to enhance the formal capacity. The article wholly advocates for transparency, accountability and traceability in the E-waste recycling chain, thus creating a greener environment and protecting our planet and natural resources for future generations.

56 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors conducted a systematic literature review on 208 studies and used citation network analysis to examine specific circular economy practices in the waste electrical and electronic equipment industry and identified five major research domains (i.e., e-waste recycling system, exploring untapped ewaste; compliance assurance of stakeholders; e- waste reverse logistics; reward and punishment mechanisms in extended producer responsibility system; verifying the rationality of product classification; recycling critical materials from urban mines; setting a specific target for preparation for reuse; “10R” strategies applied in the smart factory; consumer attitude toward remanufactured/refurbished/repurposed strategies and the resultant products) in the identified research domain.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of literature about India's solar PV waste management sector with a view to understanding the ground realities and identifying challenges and barriers that hinder the adoption of a regularised strategy for its management using the DPSIR framework approach is presented.
Abstract: Increasing energy demands and commitments in relation to climate change have accelerated the deployment of solar power globally, especially in India. Grid-connected solar capacity in the country has increased ∼11 times in just five years, from 2.6 GW in March 2014 to 28.18 GW in March 2019. However, this development has inevitably also led to the emergence of significant volumes of solar photovoltaic (PV) waste, which will only increase in the upcoming years, a considerable challenge for its waste management system. The environmental and human health risks associated with the unscientific dumping of solar PV waste have been well established in the existing literature, presenting the need to develop an effective strategy to manage this emerging waste stream. This paper presents a review of literature about India's solar PV waste management sector with a view to understanding the ground realities and identifying challenges and barriers that hinder the adoption of a regularised strategy for its management using the DPSIR framework approach. It goes on to propose a regulatory framework aimed at mainstreaming the end-of-life (EOL) management of solar PV waste in India after evaluating strategies that have already been used worldwide. In line with the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept, a multistakeholder, multi-sectoral and systematic approach has been adopted to develop a specific regulatory framework for India. The framework was subjected to a SWOT analysis to evaluate its functionality. The SWOT analysis indicates that one of the critical strengths of the framework is that it is based on a participatory approach to be adopted by all stakeholders for managing this emerging waste stream.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors identified 23 potential enablers through literature review and discussion with domain experts, and analyzed the cause-effect relationship using a hybrid grey-based decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory approach.

20 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a modified extended producer responsibility (EPR) model was proposed to integrate the informal e-waste collectors to the existing formal industry. But, the results in this work could be useful to establish a sustainable ewaste industry in India.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the psychological factors that influence the end user's willingness to pay for e-waste recycling, and found that attitude, subjective norms, and environmental concerns positively affect the intention to recycle ewaste.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide a systematic literature review aiming to comprehensively examine the outcomes of EPR implementation in the WEEE scope, by adopting a PLC perspective, highlighting the accomplishment of important downstream goals of Epr on WEEE, such as the increase of waste collection rates and the development of stable waste management systems.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a dynamic business model (DBM) is constructed to thoroughly diagnose the causal connections among the blocks of business model canvas, and systematically and numerically value the output of comprehensive performance, which is especially suitable for evaluating the impacts of policy intervention on industry development.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated consumer practices in the repair of electronic products and examined how institutional initiatives to address product reparability, such as governmental directives, are responding to consumer practices.

11 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Zhongxiao Sun1
TL;DR: In this article , a global multiregional input-output framework was used to estimate consumption-based biodiversity loss, integrating with both the physical Food and Agriculture Biomass Input-Output (FABIO) dataset and a global monetary inputoutput table (EXIOBASE).
Abstract: Human land use is the main driver of terrestrial biodiversity loss. It has been argued that producers and consumers have a shared responsibility for biodiversity loss because this land use is directly and indirectly driven by the local and global demand for products. Such responsibility sharing would be an important step for global biodiversity cooperation and conservation. Here, we use a global multiregional input-output framework to estimate consumption-based biodiversity loss, integrating with both the physical Food and Agriculture Biomass Input-Output (FABIO) dataset and a global monetary input-output table (EXIOBASE). We use an environmental justice framework for assigning biodiversity loss responsibility between producers and consumers. In this framework, we employ the Human Development Index (HDI) as a proxy of the weighting parameter for both producers and consumers. An environmental justice perspective may provide a fairer distribution of responsibility in a world where different nations have very different capabilities and see varying benefits from international trade. Environmentally just accounting increases the footprint of the Global North compared to other common approaches for sharing responsibility across all producers and consumers along international supply chains. We describe how environmental justice may inform cooperation in biodiversity protection between stakeholders along global supply chains.

9 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a mixed recovery decision model for tire recycling of producer responsibility organizations based on multi-choice goal programming (MCGP) approach towards system optimality and obtain the optimal total recovery cost was proposed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluate for the first time whether these costs have led to packaging waste reduction and substitution of packaging materials, and they find that the EPR financial incentive has resulted in very little (though statistically significant) packaging reduction and no systematic substitution effects between packaging materials.
Abstract: The main policy addressing the packaging waste issue in the countries of the European Union has been to define recycling objectives along with Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). With EPR, producers finance the recycling and management of waste generated by their products. Within this framework, they are expected to internalise waste management costs and engage in eco-design of their packaging, i.e., use less packaging and increase packaging recyclability (e.g., through substitution of materials). EPR has been extended worldwide over recent decades and applied to various waste streams. In this paper, by exploiting temporal variation of an original panel dataset of EPR compliance costs from 25 European countries (1998–2015) and four packaging materials, I evaluate for the first time whether these costs have led to packaging waste reduction and substitution of packaging materials. I find that the EPR financial incentive has resulted in very little (though statistically significant) packaging reduction and no systematic substitution effects between packaging materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors designed the fund policy from a closed-loop lifecycle perspective in order to maintain a balanced development of the resource use loop and the fund system in China's ten-year plan.
Abstract: E-waste is one of the fastest growing streams of solid waste globally, and its effective management has become a focused issue, which requires a deep understanding of the core guiding theory of extended producer responsibility (EPR). Over the past 20 years, China, one of the world's largest producers of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), has made great efforts to improve e-waste management along with the massive generation of e-waste. In 2012, China implemented a unique EPR-based e-waste fund policy. However, the fund policy is unsustainable due to the challenges of non-closed resource use, informal recycling, and fund imbalance. Beginning with an overview of these challenges, this paper focuses on redesigning the fund policy from a closed-loop lifecycle perspective in order to maintain a balanced development of the resource use loop and the fund system in China's ten-year plan. In doing so, two EPR instruments, recycling content standards and consumer-oriented deposits, are added to the current fund policy. Subsequently, three extension scenarios alternately changed a critical parameter of the model to test the impact on sustainable capabilities. In this way, the sustainable supply of funds and secondary resources for the e-waste industry can be established in China and effectively demonstrate solid waste management in developing countries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the effect of competition and regulation on the cost of dealing with waste from electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the field of waste from EPR has been investigated.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the possibilities of CE implementation in India in the e-waste sector and addressed the issues and challenges though a proposed solution architecture, and the findings from this chapter are expected to be helpful to the researchers and the relevant stakeholders.
Abstract: E-waste has become an alarming issue worldwide, especially in developing countries. On the other hand, e-waste is a huge source of secondary raw materials. The term urban mining is synonymous with resource recovery from e-waste. India is the second largest generator of e-waste in the Asia continent and fourth largest in the world. The lion's share of the e-waste is handled by the informal sector in India, whereas there are nearly 312 registered e-waste recyclers who cannot operate at their full capacity. The e-waste management rules 2016 (amended in 2018) focuses on extended producer responsibility, whereas the draft national resource efficiency policy 2019 is focused on circular economy (CE) principles. India is known as the country that follows “unity in diversity” and this opens several opportunities to bring together stakeholders from diverse and allied industries to explore the possibilities of implementation of CE. This chapter explores the possibilities of CE implementation in India in the e-waste sector and addresses the issues and challenges though a proposed solution architecture. The findings from this chapter are expected to be helpful to the researchers and the relevant stakeholders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigate the effectiveness of different extended producer responsibility (EPR) implementation models for pharmaceuticals and compare the resulting producer profit, environmental/social impact, and total welfare.
Abstract: Problem definition: We investigate the effectiveness of different extended producer responsibility (EPR) implementation models for pharmaceuticals. In particular, we study two viable and prevalent models: (1) source reduction (SR), where a form of fee on sale is imposed on producers, and (2) end-of-pipe control (EC), where producers are made responsible for the collection of unused pharmaceuticals. Academic/practical relevance: The existing literature on EPR implementation models has focused primarily on nonconsumable products (e.g., electronics), whereas there is limited research on the effectiveness of different EPR implementation models for pharmaceuticals used in practice. We aim to fill this gap in this study. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretic model to characterize the equilibrium strategies of different stakeholders under both the SR and EC models and compare the resulting producer profit, environmental/social impact, and total welfare. Results: In contrast to the nonconsumable contexts where the SR model is shown to maximize total welfare, the EC model leads to a higher total welfare for certain categories of pharmaceuticals because of its effectiveness in eliminating overprescription. Moreover, we characterize conditions under which stakeholder (e.g., producer, environmental/social advocacy groups) preferences toward EPR implementation model choices are (mis-)aligned. We further show that limiting the social planner’s budget surplus under SR can eliminate the preference misalignment but leads to a loss of total welfare. Managerial implications: (1) Policymakers should be cautious about directly applying preferred EPR models from other product categories to the pharmaceutical setting. (2) The EC model maximizes the objectives of all stakeholders for a salient category of pharmaceuticals with high health benefits, high collection costs, and high environmental/social costs. (3) Policymakers should give thought to differentiating EPR implementation models across pharmaceutical categories. (4) It is important to carefully quantify the health impact of the pharmaceuticals and the operational cost parameters to inform policymaking.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the operating mechanism of the extended responsibility system for lead-acid battery producers in China, the authors considers three recycling channel structures: recycling only by manufacturers (mode M), recycling by the union (mode R), and third-party recycling (mode C).
Abstract: The pollution control problem of discarded lead-acid batteries has become increasingly prominent in China. An extended producer responsibility system must be implemented to solve the problem of recycling and utilization of waste lead batteries. Suppose the producer assumes responsibility for the entire life cycle of lead batteries. In that case, it will effectively reduce environmental pollution caused by non-compliant disposal of waste lead batteries, reduce environmental pollution, and achieve the sustainable development of lead resources. Based on the operating mechanism of the extended responsibility system for lead-acid battery producers in China, this article considers three recycling channel structures: recycling only by manufacturers (mode M), recycling by the union (mode R), and third-party recycling (mode C). This article comprehensively compares the differences between the three recycling channels. The research results show that: (1) under the EPR system, the choice of production companies is affected by the recovery rate and profit rate. (2) By comparing different recycling channel models, we found that the recovery rate of independent recycling by the manufacturer is the largest. Still, the profit rate of the manufacturer that entrusts the alliance (M) to recycle is the highest. The manufacturer can entrust to alliance or independent recycling of waste lead batteries according to the different profit rates and recovery rates. (3) From the perspective of the supply chain, independent recycling (M) by production companies or recycling (R) by the commissioned union may be the best. The choice of recycling channels for producers depends on independent recycling and commissioning alliance’ recycling costs and reuse costs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors explore to which extent the guidelines available in the Waste Statistics Regulation correspond to the operational reality and present a computational method to link waste producers to their economic activities using a national Trade Registry.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Nov 2022-Energies
TL;DR: In this paper , the effectiveness of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept for packaging in the context of the transition to a Circular Economy (CE) and the corresponding transformation of the energy sector is analyzed.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to analyze the effectiveness of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concept for packaging in the context of the transition to a Circular Economy (CE) and the corresponding transformation of the energy sector. The functioning of today’s packaging industry is becoming more and more linked to the assumptions of the CE due to the use and recycling of raw materials. The basic research method used in this work is an analysis of the literature on the links between the concept of the EPR and the CE. The authors limited their research to the selected legal, economic and social aspects of packaging production and management in the European Union (EU). The situation in Poland is discussed in particular and the legal, economic and social specificity of the implementation of the EPR in this country is presented. This paper emphasizes the dependance between the implementation of the EPR concept and the effectiveness of the transformation toward a CE, which is achieved by increasing the circularity in the energy sector.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors provide an overview of the legislative frameworks, techniques, challenges, and trends of rubber waste management in various countries, with detailed elaboration on the most practiced 'R', recycling which encompasses the direct recycling of products, as well as material recycling via physical or chemical means.
Abstract: Excessive accumulation of rubber waste necessitates the need to revisit the effectiveness of the existing rubber waste management system. This review provides an overview of the legislative frameworks, techniques, challenges, and trends of rubber waste management in various countries. The 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle and recover) framework applied in waste management system in some countries appears to be viable for the processing of rubber waste. Certain countries especially some of the European Union (EU) members have implemented extended producer responsibility (EPR) system to manage the collection of rubber waste, particularly used tires. The processing of rubber waste in each level of the 4R hierarchy was then discussed, with detailed elaboration on the most practiced 'R', recycling which encompasses the direct recycling of products, as well as material recycling via physical and/or chemical means. The challenges faced in the implementation of rubber waste management system in different countries were highlighted and recommendations for a more sustainable rubber consumption were provided at the end of this review.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the effectiveness of the implementation of the aforementioned policy instruments to increase recycling rates and the impact on different stakeholders of the value chain were examined using a partial equilibrium model, and it was shown that direct interventions (recycled content standards and recycling targets) have the benefit of decoupling the recycling industry from external markets such as the oil market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the impact of consumer environmental protection responsibility awareness on the recycling price of waste power batteries and profit in the supply chain was analyzed under the two recycling modes of new energy vehicle manufacturers and third-party recycling enterprises.
Abstract: Due to the limited service life of new energy vehicle power batteries, a large number of waste power batteries are facing “retirement”, so it will soon be important to effectively improve the recycling and reprocessing of waste power batteries. Consumer environmental protection responsibility awareness affects the recycling of waste power batteries directly. Therefore, under the two recycling modes of new energy vehicle manufacturers and third-party recycling enterprises, this study analyzes the impact of consumer environmental protection responsibility awareness on the recycling price of waste power batteries and profit in the supply chain. The influence of factors such as recycling income, recycling input cost, and black-market recycling prices on consumer awareness of responsibility is also analyzed. Through theoretical research, it was found that: Under the model that third-party recycling enterprises are responsible for recycling, it can obtain better overall supply chain benefits; consumer environmental protection responsibility awareness and recycling benefits are positively correlated with supply chain benefits overall; and recycling benefits have a certain role in promoting consumer awareness of responsibility, while the increase in informal recycling prices inhibits consumer awareness of responsibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors identify existing practices and challenges in Nigeria and co-create actionable solutions towards a sustainable, circular and fairness-driven UEEE and e-waste value chain.
Abstract: Used European electric and electronic equipment (UEEE) has multiple use cycles in various countries, including Nigeria. Although the EU-Nigeria e-waste trade is illegal under EU and Nigerian law, previous research shows that some imported equipment is only fit for disposal. Imported UEEE has a short lifespan. Such European e-waste exports imported to Nigeria have sustainability and circularity implications for both places and raise questions about justice and equity. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we identify existing practices and challenges in Nigeria and co-create actionable solutions towards a sustainable, circular and fairness-driven UEEE and e-waste value chain. We find current extended producer responsibility (EPR) does not focus on the entire global value chain, is linear, and lacks transparency, accountability, and consideration for spatial equity. To overcome these shortcomings, we propose ultimate producer responsibility (UPR). UPR aids sustainability and circularity transition while paying attention to justice and equity. The research adds global and social dimensions to the European circular economy (CE), otherwise primarily focused on national material cycles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , an analysis of the performance of European packaging waste systems, focusing on Extended Producer Responsibility schemes and Producer Responsibility Organizations, is presented, and it is shown that noncompetitive systems are more successful in increasing recycling rates no matter the cost; moreover, they are better able to use funds collected from EPR fees charged to producers, delivering improved cost-efficiency.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a cross-sector analysis of waste management by local authorities in Brittany for electrical and electronic products, which is managed under an extended producer responsibility scheme and for agro-food production is presented.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a review-based chapter targets to highlight and fulfill the objectives of e-waste management's prominence from an environmental perspective mainly in developing countries, which is taken care of by well-defined legislation.
Abstract: Sustainability addresses balance, balance between present and future essentially required for the survival of our planet. Upgradation of technology has contributed largely in generating enormous waste, the e-waste whose management has become the talk of the hour. E-waste spawns gargantuan toxic leftovers, which are detrimental for the life of Earth and the life of all organisms contained by the Earth. This review-based chapter targets to highlight and fulfill the objectives of e-waste management's prominence from an environmental perspective chiefly in developing countries. E-waste management has traumatized Earth's lifespan. Managing and maintaining it has been the core concern of all the nations particularly of the developing ones. Global e-waste management is taken care of by well-defined legislation. Extended procedure responsibility (EPR) was taken into contemplation for reckoning the trend of its eradication globally.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The existing system of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) focuses on waste generation on the national level and does not account for the international trade of waste and second-hand products.
Abstract: The existing system of Extended Producer Responsibility focuses on waste generation on the national level. To account for the international trade of waste and second-hand products the concept of Ultimate Producer Responsibility is a promising approach.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2022