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Showing papers on "Eye tracking published in 1968"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A special CAMERA has been developed which records the movements of the eye in the course of such activities as Looking at PICTURES or driving an AUTOMOBILE, and reveals that the eye moves in a series of rAPID JUMPS which seem to be CONTROLLed by the brain.
Abstract: A SPECIAL CAMERA HAS BEEN DEVISED WHICH RECORDS THE MOVEMENTS OF THE EYE IN THE COURSE OF SUCH ACTIVITIES AS LOOKING AT PICTURES OR DRIVING AN AUTOMOBILE. IT REVEALS THAT THE EYE MOVES IN A SERIES OF RAPID JUMPS (SACCADES) WHICH SEEM TO BE CONTROLLED BY THE BRAIN AS THOUGH THERE WERE COORDINATES BETWEEN ONE FIXATION AND THE NEXT. IN READING, THE EYE JUMPS FROM ONE GROUP OF WORDS TO ANOTHER, FIXATING ONLY A FEW. IN DRIVING THE EYE IS CONSTANTLY MOVING. WHAT IS SEEN DOES NOT NECESSARILY REGISTER IN THE BRAIN UNLESS IT IS OF IMPORTANCE. THE LINK BETWEEN THE IMAGE AND THE MIND IS CONTROLLED BY THE BRAIN WHICH ACTS AS A FILTER, CHOOSING WHAT IT WILL OR WILL NOT 'SEE.' DRIVERS USE BOTH DIRECT VISION (FOCUSING ON IMPORTANT OBJECTS) AND PERIPHERAL VISION (IMPRESSIONS OF MOTION OR LIGHT ON THE EDGE OF THE FIELD OF VISION). FROM A STUDY OF NORMAL EYE MOVEMENTS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO DESIGN CONTROL PANELS FOR CARS OR AIRPLANES WHICH GROUP THE NECESSARY INFORMATION IN EASILY VISIBLE AREAS.

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Jul 1968-Science
TL;DR: Apparently the control system for eye movements can use outflow (efferent) signals in order to anticipate motion of the self-moved target.
Abstract: When an observer moves his arm he shows more precise visual tracking of a target mounted on his fingertip-the eye lags behind the target less and makes fewer corrective saccades-than when he relaxes his arm and the experimenter moves it in a similar manner. Apparently the control system for eye movements can use outflow (efferent) signals in order to anticipate motion of the self-moved target.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the question of vision during eye movements using a novel display procedure was revisited and it was shown that the eye was not stopped at any time during the eye movement.
Abstract: In this paper we reconsider the question of vision during eye movements using a novel display procedure which guarantees that the eye was not stopped at any time during the eye movement. The results of our experiment lead us to conclude that true “saccadic suppression,” is a most elusive phenomenon. Furthermore, a brief analysis of the optics of the eye movement suggests that a substantial amount the elevation of visual threshold during eye movements can be attributed to simple retinal smear if one acknowledges the dominating importance of edge effects in visual threshold measurements.

55 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that a specific retinal locus is more or less rigidly associated with a corresponding visual direction, but not with a particular magnitude of ocular rotation.
Abstract: The aim of the experiment was to find out whether saccadiceve movements have any effect on perceived visual directions. ihe method was to alter the parameters of the oculomotor system so that the eye movement made in response to a peripheral target was inappropriate to the retinal locus of its image. It was found that this procedure had no effect on the perceived location of the peripheral target; and it was concluded that a specific retinal locus is more or less rigidly associated with a corresponding visual direction, but not with a particular magnitude of ocular rotation.

38 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eye movements during eyes-closed recall occurred significantly more frequently in visualizers than non-visualizers, suggesting that the occurrence of eye movements during recall do not necessarily indicate presence of visual imagery, but that oculomotor activity may be recalled independently.
Abstract: Pursuit eye movements induced by Deckert's technique, using a moving object of specific excursion and beat frequency, were compared between active watching of the moving object and recalling the motion with eyes closed. Ability for visual imagery and incidence of its use were evaluated by questionnaires and discussion following the test procedure. Eye movements during eyes-closed recall occurred significantly more frequently in visualizers than non-visualizers. Exceptions to the relationship suggest that the occurrence of eye movements during recall do not necessarily indicate presence of visual imagery, but that oculomotor activity may be recalled independently. Eye movements during eyes-closed recall generally under- or over-estimate both excursion and timing of the original motion.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Visual suppression during passive eye movement compared to active eye movement to determine origin as retinal or central to determineorigin as retina or central.
Abstract: Visual suppression during passive eye movement compared to active eye movement to determine origin as retinal or central

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental findings were consistent with the hypothesis that Ss in the saccadic condition learned a new afferent efferent association and support a theory that visual perception is determined by efferent readiness activated by visual afferent stimulation.
Abstract: Subjects viewed the Muller-Lyer illusion, making either saccadic or smooth tracking eye movements between the apexes of the arrow heads. The decrement in the magnitude of the illusion was significantly greater for Ss in the saccadic viewing condition. Saccadic and smooth tracking eye movements are separately controlled,and information about eye position is more readily available from the efferent signals issued to control a saccadic eye movement. The experimental findings were consistent with the hypothesis that Ss in the saccadic condition learned a new afferent efferent association. The results support a theory that visual perception is determined by efferent readiness activated by visual afferent stimulation.

21 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Keith E. Nelson1
TL;DR: All S s showed an initial persistent tendency to track only in strings of adjacent lights, and changes in response organization were discussed in reference to Piaget's concept of ordering of the world through successive accommodations of organized patterns of response.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI


Dissertation
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: This paper aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, as to provide real-time information about the aeronautics and Astronautics properties of the H2O/O2 merger.
Abstract: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Thesis. 1968. M.S.