Showing papers on "Eye tracking published in 1971"

Eye movements and visual perception.

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Scanpaths in eye movements during pattern perception

Abstract: Subjects learned and recognized patterns which were marginally visible, requiring them to fixate directly each feature to which they wished to attend Fixed "scanpaths," specific to subject and pattern, appeared in their saccadic eye movements, both intermittently during learning and in initial eye movements during recognition A proposed theory of pattern perception explains these results

Visual Neurones for Tracking Moving Targets

Abstract: A CLASS of directionally selective movement detector1 recorded in the visual system of the privet hawk-moth seems designed in several respects to enable the moth to track a moving target. Although I have found no behavioural evidence that these moths can follow moving objects, the properties of the neurones will be described in the context of visual tracking, because similar neurones may be involved in the control of smooth-tracking eye movements in vertebrates.

Eye tracker and method

Abstract: A technique and apparatus for two dimensional tracking of eye position. An infrared pattern is projected into the eye and measurements taken of the spatial separation of the first and fourth Purkinje reflections, the reflections from the cornea and the back of the eye lens, respectively. Because the centers of curvature of the surfaces of the cornea and lens lie at different distances from the center of rotation of the eye, these reflections move in opposite directions under eye rotation, in either the vertical or the horizontal direction. During translation of the eye in either the vertical or the horizontal direction the spacing or separation between the two Purkinje images does not change. In one embodiment, a rotating scanning disc having a plurality of spaced orthogonal slits is provided and imaging means are provided for imaging the first and fourth Purkinje images of the light source through the orthogonal slits of the scanning disc onto a photomultiplier tube. The time period between pulse outputs of the photomultiplier tube is proportional to the separation of the first and fourth Purkinje images. In another embodiment the two Purkinje images are deflected so as to be incident on photodetectors. The photodetectors and deflecting means are movable so that the two Purkinje images are kept centered on their respective photodetectors. By monitoring the position of the photodetectors and deflecting means an indication is obtained of the separation of the Purkinje images which gives an indication of the orientation of the optic axis of the eye.

Method for monitoring movement of a subject{40 s eyes

Abstract: An eye measuring instrument employing a modulated invisible light source which illuminates the eye and a pair of photocells directed to the interface of portions of the eye with different light reflecting properties. The interfaces selected move in response to eye movement or pupil area change, and the changes in the photocell outputs are a measure of the eye movement or pupil area change.

Comparison of First-Eye-Movement Detection Methods

Abstract: The first eye movement from a point of fixation was detected by direct observation of the eye, by electro-oculograph (EOG), and by corneal reflection apparatus. Essential agreement was obtained among the measures. Only with movements less than 5° were there serious numbers of discrepancies in detection against the criterion of photo-recorder corneal reflection measurement. A horizontal movement was detected more reliably than a vertical movement. The EOG was most likely to miss detection of a vertical movement. The efficiency of the measures with regard to movement detection and monitoring choice-looking-behavior were discussed.

The Effects of Visual Tracking Training Upon Five Selected Aspects of the Silent Reading Performance of First Grade Pupils as Measured by Eye-Movement Photography. Final Report.

Abstract: THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL TRACKING TRAINING UPON FIVE SELECTED ASPECTS OP THE SILENT READING PERFORMANCE OF FIRST GRADE PUPILS AS MEASURED BY EYE-MOVEMENT PHOTOGRAPHY By Charles R. Thomas This study was designed to test the proposition that visual tracking training, as represented by Visual Tracking, a published tracking program, would significantly improve first grade pupils' reading performance by improving perceptual processing efficiency. In addition, the study was designed to nrovide test-retest and inter-rater reliability data for first graders' eye-movement scores and to gather information regarding adaptive testing procedures to be used when photographing the eye movements of young children. A posttest only factorial design was used to study the independent and interactive effects of two independent variables, visual tracking training and sex, upon the dependent variables, five eye-movement measures of reading performance. The 115 first grade pupils were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups and were regrouped for fifteen-minutes each day to participate in the experimental or control activity. Experimental group pupils used the Visual Tracking program and, at the same time, control group pupils participated in directed listening activities in separate rooms. The first grade teachers supervising the groups followed a weekly rotating schedule so that each teacher spent the same amount of time with each group. At t1-9 conclusion of the twelve-veek training period eye-movements of all pupils were photographed with the EDL Reading Eye camera as they read silently a fifty-word test selection. To collect data for determination of test-retest reliability, retests were administered to forty-four pupils. The eye-movement films of all subjects were scored by the researcher and an assistant to gather data for determination of inter-rater reliability of the scoring. Eye-movement scores of the ninety-six pupils remaining at the conclusion of the stuay were analyzed by factorial analysis of variance with the following results: 1. No significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups on any of the five eye-movement measures. The proposition that visual tracking training would significantly improve first

Feedback analysis of eye tracking of auditory and tactual stimuli.

Abstract: &NA; Eye movement errors were compared in tracking visual, auditory, and tactual targets that moved in comparable continuous paths in order to determine if interreceptor feedback tracking methods may be of significance in developing directional ocular attention in blind children. The findings were that although the eyes cannot track auditory and tactual stimuli nearly as accurately as they can visual targets, they can orient to changes in position and direction of auditory and tactual targets. To perform smooth pursuit movements, the eyes require dynamic retinal feedback of their own movements. When attempting to track auditory and tactual stimuli, the eyes perform saccades that shift more or less accurately with changes in target direction and position. The possibility exists for developing feedback aids to the blind in detecting eye position during developmental training of directional ocular attention to auditory or tactual stimuli.