Showing papers on "Eye tracking published in 1986"

The relationship between eye movements and spatial attention.

Abstract: Most previous studies of the attentional consequences of making saccadic eye movements have used peripheral stimuli to elicit eye movements. It is argued that in the light of evidence showing automatic “capture” of attention by peripheral stimuli, these experiments do not distinguish between attentional effects due to peripheral stimuli and those due to eye movements. In the present study, spatial attention was manipulated by varying the probability that peripheral probe stimuli would appear in different positions, while saccades were directed by a central arrow, enabling the effects of attention and eye movements to be separated. The results showed that the time to react to a peripheral stimulus could be shortened both by advance knowledge of its likely position and, separately, by preparing to make a saccade to that position. When the saccade was directed away from the most likely position of the probe, the targets for attention and eye movements were on opposite sides of the display. In this condition,...

An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input2

Abstract: Since humans direct their visual attention by means of eye movements, a device which monitors eye movements should be a natural “pick” device for selecting objects visually present on a monitor. The results from an experimental investigation of an eye tracker as a computer input device are presented. Three different methods were used to select the object looked at; these were a button press, prolonged fixation or “dwell” and an on screen select button. The results show that an eye tracker can be used as a fast selection device providing that the target size is not too small. If the targets are small speed declines and errors increase rapidly.

COMMUNICATIVE EFFECTS OF GAZE BEHAVIOR: A Test of Two Contrasting Explanations

Abstract: This experiment was undertaken to test two contrasting explanations of the effects of eye gaze on social perceptions and outcomes A social meaning model holds that differing levels of gaze have such clear meaning that gaze alone accounts for the reactions to it A nonverbal expectancy violations model holds that normative behaviors are expected in social interactions with strangers and that violating these expectations produces different results depending on whether the violator is deemed highly “rewarding” or “nonrewarding” This experiment, the third in a series, proposed to extend the violations model by incorporating the concept of positive and negative types ofviolations Subjects (N = 145) interviewed one of four confederate interviewees who manipulated one of three levels of eye gaze (nearly constant, normal, andnearly constant aversion) and who were assigned one of two levels of reward (highly qualified for the job or highly unqualified) Differential gaze behavior resulted in varied impressions of attraction, credibility, and relational communication, with gaze aversion producing consistently negative effects Interpretations and communication consequences were mediated by reward, gender, and confederate differences

The effect of gaze motor signals and spatially directed attention on eye movements and visual perception

Abstract: Publisher Summary Gaze movement signals are controlled by retinal “error” signals— namely, target distance from fovea and retinal slip velocity. In addition, the perceived movement of the pursued target relative to extrapersonal space coordinates plays an essential role in gaze control. The latter value is elaborated by the sum of retinal error signals and efference copy signals of motor commands controlling gaze. This chapter discusses the data on gaze movement, visual movement, and space perception, which support the outflow hypothesis, but also emphasize the importance of spatially directed visual attention. In particular, the chapter discusses (i) visual movement perception induced by saccades or eye pursuit movements evoked by the intention to gaze at an extrafoveal visual target “stabilized” on the retina, (ii) visual movement perception evoked by eye pursuit movements or optokinetic nystagmus, when stationary spatially periodic stimulus patterns are illuminated stroboscopically (Sigma-movement), (iii) visual movement perception when an immobilized eye is stimulated and the subject intentionally pursues the moving stimulus, and (iv) the recalibration time course of spatial values of retinal coordinates during and after saccades.

An evaluation of an eye tracker as a device for computer input2

Abstract: Since humans direct their visual attention by means of eye movements, a device which monitors eye movements should be a natural pick device for selecting objects visually present on a monitor. The ...

Inspection time as mental speed in mildly mentally retarded adults: analysis of eye gaze, eye movement, and orientation.

Abstract: The effect of eye movements away from a target on accuracy of visual discrimination was examined. In Experiment I inspection time was measured for 10 mildly mentally retarded and 10 nonretarded adults under two conditions, with each trial initiated by the subject or under experimental control. Retarded subjects did not gain any advantage from controlling trial onset. Video records of eye movements revealed that retarded subjects glanced off-target more than did nonretarded controls, but this was not sufficient to explain appreciably slower inspection time of the retarded group. Experiment 2 supported this conclusion; the same subjects completed a letter-discrimination task with direction of gaze monitored automatically. Although retarded subjects' eye gaze was more scattered early during a trial, gaze was appropriately directed by the time that the target appeared. Results from both experiments supported the hypothesis that speed of central, perceptual processing is slower among retarded persons, over and above the influence of distractibility. Results from three experiments in Part II were consistent with this interpretation. Experiment 3 was designed to eradicate trials among retarded subjects in which gaze was not properly directed, but results showed that too few such events occurred to influence accuracy. Experiment 4 demonstrated that the preparatory procedure in the previous studies resulted in efficient eye gaze among retarded subjects. Experiment 5 confirmed that lower discriminative accuracy among 10 retarded adults (compared with 10 nonretarded controls) was not due to less-efficient orientation prior to discrimination.

Effect of eye gaze on self-disclosure

Abstract: 60 female and 60 male undergraduates were assigned randomly and in equal numbers to a female or male interviewer who maintained high, moderate, or low eye gaze while verbally administering the Self-disclosure Sentence Completion Blank of Greene. A two-way (eye gaze × subjects' sex) analysis of variance on over-all scores yielded a main effect for subjects' sex; women self-disclosed more than men. Across subjects, perceived self-disclosure was greater than verbal self-disclosure. The methodological limitations of analogue research are discussed.

How the brain recognizes meaningful objects

Abstract: Two neuropsychological approaches provide converging evidence for the neuronal basis of perceptual constancy of object recognition. Experimental studies of human patients with brain damage have found selective impairment of the ability to recognize particular categories of objects—faces, inanimate objects, bodily parts, and so forth, revealing mutually dissociable deficits. Visual cells in the monkey’s temporal cortex have been found to be selectively sensitive to faces, head orientation, and direction of eye gaze. Results suggest that recognition of one type of object proceeds by independent high-level analysis of several restricted views of a given object processed at an earlier postsensory stage of perceptual categorization.