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Showing papers on "Eye tracking published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, eye movement data were analyzed to identify factors that influence the location of a reader's initial eye fixation on a word, and the locations of initial fixations on words can be accounted for on the basis of five principles of perceptuo-oculomotor control.

467 citations


Patent
12 Sep 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a head-mounted, eye-movement measurement system is provided with an optically flat glass laminated visor through which the observer views the external scene.
Abstract: A head-mounted, eye-movement, measurement system is provided with an optically flat glass laminated visor through which the observer views the external scene. Mounted so as to be vertically spaced from one side of the eye's optic axis is an eye tracker module for recording the observer's eye-movement relative to the head, principally by measuring the position of the pupil and corneal reflex, by reflecting near infrared light to and from the observer's eye vis-a-vis the front surface of the visor. Mounted so as to be vertically spaced on the opposite side of the eye's optic axis is a field-of-view camera which records the external scene viewed by the observer by reflecting external scene light from the back side of the visor. The distances and angular relationship of the visor, camera and eye are controlled to eliminate parallax from the field-of-view camera while also providing a stable arrangement permitting wide-angle scene viewing and accurate recordal of eye movements.

137 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1988
TL;DR: Some of the elements of an active system in choosing an external frame of reference for the computations of early vision are outlined, illustrated by the real-time computation of depth map with a monocular, fixating vision system.
Abstract: One aspect of primate intelligence is the ability to coordinate eye movements in the process of solving complex tasks. Primate eye movements have been studied in several disciplines but little work has been directed toward a computational theory that shows how the eye nouements can confer specific advantages in problem-solving behaviors, This paper outlines some of the elements of such a theory, emphasizing one point: the advantages of an active system in choosing an external frame of reference for the computations of early vision. These advantages are illustrated by the real-time computation of depth map with a monocular, fixating vision system.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was concluded that the absence of ocular smooth pursuit after lesion results from the disruption of a signal derived from arm kinaesthetic information and addresses to the oculomotor system, likely to be used in the control of coordination between arm and eye movements during visuo-oculo-manual tracking tasks.
Abstract: The study was aimed at defining the role of hand (and arm) kinaesthetic information in coordination control of the visuo-oculo-manual tracking system. Baboons were trained to follow slow-moving and stepping visual targets either with the eyes alone or with the eyes and a lever moved by the forelimb about the vertical axis. A LED was attached to the lever extremity. Four oculo-manual tracking condidtions were tested and compared to eye-alone tracking: Eye and hand tracking of a visual target presented on a screen, eye tracking of the hand, and eye tracking of an imaginary target actively moved by the arm. The performance of the animals evaluated in terms of latency, and velocity and position precision for both eye and hand movements was seen to be equivalent to that of humans in similar situations. After dorsal root rhizotomy (C1-T2) the animals were unable to produce slow arm motion in response to slow-moving targets. Instead, they produced successions of ballistic-like motions whose amplitude decreased as retraining proceeded. In addition, the animals could not longer respond with smooth pursuit eye movements to an imaginary target actively displaced by the animal's forelimb. It was concluded that the absence of ocular smooth pursuit after lesion results from the disruption of a signal derived from arm kinaesthetic information and addresses to the oculomotor system. This signal is likely to be used in the control of coordination between arm and eye movements during visuo-oculo-manual tracking tasks. One cause of the animal's inability to achieve slow arm movement in response to slow target motion is thought to be due to a lesion-induced alteration of the spinal common pathway dynamics which normally integrate the velocity signal descending from the arm movement command system.

72 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Using high-resolution infrared oculography with digital recording and analysis techniques, several types of eye movements in schizophrenic patients and normal controls were tested, finding saccades in response to unpredictable target jumps had normal latencies and velocities, but were more hypometric and variable in accuracy than those of controls.

53 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Oct 1988
TL;DR: The influence of eye movements on the perception of spatiotemporal impairments and their relevance for the encoding of video sequences is discussed comprehensively and a computational model of visual perception shows smooth pursuit eye movements reduce or eliminate temporal masking, but they increase spatial masking effects.
Abstract: The influence of eye movements on the perception of spatiotemporal impairments and their relevance for the encoding of video sequences is discussed comprehensively. Two simple experiments show that it is neither permissable to generally blur the video signal in moving areas, nor is it justified to introduce more noise in moving areas. Eye movements slant the spatiotemporal frequency response of the HVS. The influence of eye movements on spatial and temporal masking is demonstrated by a computational model of visual perception. Smooth pursuit eye movements reduce or eliminate temporal masking, but they increase spatial masking effects. A coding system is considered, that utilizes an eye tracker to pick up the point of regard of a single viewer. Such a system has an enormous potential for data compression, but the usefulness of the approach is limited because of the delay introduced by encoding and transmission.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The existence of ocular independence during smooth pursuit and saccadic tracking in G. oerstedii may be possible because of the redundancy of visual fields existing in each eye, which could permit monocular measurements of distance to a viewed object.
Abstract: 1. Ocular tracking in two species of stomatopod crustaceans, Squilla empusa (Say) and Gonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen), was studied by presenting animals with small targets moving to their right and left. 2.Squilla empusa showed no indication of ocular movement responses synchronized with the target9s motion, whereas Gonodactylus oerstedii often tracked the target through large angular amplitudes. 3. The region of visual fixation in G. oerstedii is probably the ommatidial patches in line with the eyecup axis. This is suggested by the arrangement of ommatidial axes on the eye9s circumference, and by the alignment of the eyes and the rotational motions they make as they observe an approaching target. 4. Tracking is irregular, probably because the animal pays attention to the target only intermittently. Targets are most stimulatory as they move nearly in front of an animal. Eye tracking responses become larger, more frequent and more accurate with increasingly anterior target positions. 5. During visual tracking, the eyes perform both smooth and saccadic tracking movements. Eye movements in the size range 7.5°–15° are made to near the position of the target at movement onset, but are less accurate relative to the target9s position at the end of the movement. 6. During visual tracking, the two eyes apparently act with complete independence. Movements of one eye are uncorrelated with movements of the other, both for extreme and central locations of the moving target. 7. The existence of ocular independence during smooth pursuit and saccadic tracking in G. oerstedii may be possible because of the redundancy of visual fields existing in each eye, which could permit monocular measurements of distance to a viewed object. If so, each eye is capable of providing a complete description of the location of a target in space.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Servo systems, ‘intelligent’ image processing algorithms and interactive procedures have been implemented so that the eye tracker can operate on the general public without any technical supervision.
Abstract: The paper presents an eye tracking system specifically designed for the recording of eye movements from the visitors of a museum. Eye movements are calculated from the images of a near infra-red camera viewing the eye during the presentation of a sequence of slides. Thereafter, the same slides are displayed with the scanning paths superimposed. Servo systems, ‘intelligent’ image processing algorithms and interactive procedures have been implemented so that the eye tracker can operate on the general public without any technical supervision.

18 citations


01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, the eye movement behavior of subjects was measured while they watched a movie film of the driver's view of the road scene, and four experimental instructions were used to bring about different attentional demands in the way the subjects were to watch the film.
Abstract: Eye movement behaviour of subjects was measured while they watched a movie film of the driver's view of the road scene. Four experimental instructions were used to bring about different attentional demands in the way the subjects were to watch the film. As the specificity of the instructions changed from undirected observation to directed search, subjects made fixations further from the focus of expansion and directed their fixation more frequently to the left of the road. Addition of a concurrent tracking task increased the proportion of central fixations and concentrated peripheral fixations closer to the focus of expansion (A).

16 citations


Dissertation
01 Jan 1988

12 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that incorporation of two-dimensional oculomotor auditory biofeedback alone is sufficient to maintain fixation accuracy of both horizontal and vertical eye movements in total darkness close to that found during normal fixation in the light.
Abstract: Although there is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of oculomotor auditory biofeedback on the control of the horizontal component of gaze in the dark, the oculomotor behavior of the horizontal and vertical components under such conditions remained unknown. Horizontal and vertical fixational eye movements were measured monocularly using an infrared limbal eye tracker in three normal subjects under three conditions: in the light, total darkness, and total darkness with two-dimensional auditory biofeedback of the eye movement. With fixation in the light, all subjects showed small drifts and corrective movements of up to about 0.5° horizontally and vertically. With fixation in total darkness, the eye movements generally exhibited drifts and saccades of well over 2°. However, with auditory biofeedback added during fixation in total darkness, the drifts and corrective saccades were reduced to levels more similar to those found with fixation in the light. The percent time on target in the light, dark and dark plus auditory biofeedback conditions was about 100,50 and 80%, respectively, for both horizontal and vertical eye position. These results demonstrate that incorporation of two-dimensional oculomotor auditory biofeedback alone is sufficient to maintain fixation accuracy of both horizontal and vertical eye movements in total darkness close to that found during normal fixation in the light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1860-1865,1988 The control of physiological functions by means of biofeedback has been used in many applications as an adjunct to conventional medical therapy. Probably the most common application of biofeedback involves stress reduction by monitoring a number of physiological functions apparently related to stress. For example, one's muscle tension, which is well correlated with overall stress level, can be monitored electromyographically and made available to the subject to develop control over his stress level.' There have also been numerous ophthalmic applications of biofeedback for the correction of oculomotor abnormalities and/or improvement of oculomotor functions. 2 ' 3 For example, auditory signals related to eye movement have been used successfully in oculomotor biofeedback therapy to control abnormal eye position and movement in strabismus, nystagmus and amblyopia. 4 " 10 These auditory oculomotor bio

Journal Article
TL;DR: This paper focuses upon the simulation and image processing aspects in the transmission of data over the subscriber lines in the ISDN network.
Abstract: The seventh CCIlT (Consultive Committee of International Telephone and Telegraph), Plenary Assembly has defined ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) as a evolution from the existin telephone network that provides end to end digita f connectivity. Wide range of services are antici ated. Both voice and non-voice services will be o /' fered. The network users will have access to these services via the standard multipurpose customer interfaces. ISDN Network simulation vlavs a significant role in the services and the capa6i1ities\"of the future networks. In this paper we concentrate upon the simulation and image processing aspects in the transmission of data over the subscriber lines.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The object was to improve the existing VHF-techniques by means of an infra-red eye movement detector to control visual fixation, and to automatically control the presentation of visual stimuli.
Abstract: An instrument for the evaluation of cerebral hemisphere memory using the visual hay-field (VUF) technique is described. The object was to improve the existing VHF–techniques by means of an infra-red eye movement detector to control visual fixation, and to automatically control the presentation of visual stimuli. The instrument consists of four functional parts; visual presentation; optical eye movement control; electronic programming; and reaction time measuring. The instrument has been used on normal controls and in neuropsychological pre-and post-operative investigations on patients with drug resistant partial epilepsy. It has proved easy to use and reveals valuable information about hemisphere memory function. The use of an optical eye movement detector together with electronic logic has improved the accuracy and reliability of the VHF-test. A schematic outline of the instrument and a brief description of electronic circuitry are given.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A syntactic technique is described for the recognition of saccadic eye movements to distinguish normal saccades from those distorted by brain stem lesions and could be applied as a classifier of sACCs to aid in diagnosis.
Abstract: A syntactic technique is described for the recognition of saccadic eye movements to distinguish normal saccades from those distorted by brain stem lesions. A digitalized eye movement signal is transformed into a sequence of symbols. Eye movements are then found from this sequence by using a parser. This recognition method appropriately enlarged could be applied as a classifier of saccades to aid in diagnosis.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
Yoshinobu Ebisawa1, Haruyuki Minamitani1, T. Inagaki1, M. Ohmori1, M. Takesi1 
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The standard deviations of all parameters except the position error at the start of saccade decreased with the use of TBF, suggesting that saccadic characteristics become stable when attention is enhanced.
Abstract: Characteristics of eye tracking movement vary with the level of the attention of the subject tracking a moving target. The target brightness feedback (TBF) method was developed in order to enhance attention to the target. Sinusoidal target movement was used. The saccadic component was detected from eye movement data, and the four saccadic parameters, that is, the magnitude, the position errors at the start and end of saccade, and the adjusting gain, were obtained. The standard deviations of all parameters except the position error at the start of saccade decreased with the use of TBF, suggesting that saccadic characteristics become stable when attention is enhanced. >

20 Jan 1988
TL;DR: Eye movements are made to improve vision, because the orientation of the eye is approximately fixed with respect to the environment, while during the brief quick phases visual sensitivity is reduced.
Abstract: textEye movements are made to improve vision. A high slip velocity of the image over the retina precludes the detection of image details. For example, the sleepers of a railway track, which are easily distinguished from one another when the train is stationary, become blurred and hard to discern when one looks down through the window of a train moving at a high speed. Visual acuity would thus be served best by fixating the eye with respect to the environment while the animal moves about. This goal is achieved approximately by the reflexive compensatory eye movements which are found in all vertebrates. These eye movements consist of a typical alternation of slow rotations of the eye opposite to the body motion and fast (saccadic) eye movements which carry the eye in the direction of the resting position. When the body motion consists of a unidirectional rotation or translation, a typical rhythmic alternation of slow and quick phases occurs which is called nystagmus. During the slow phases vision is improved, because the orientation of the eye is approximately fixed with respect to the environment, while during the brief quick phases visual sensitivity is reduced (see Matin, 1974, for a review).

27 Oct 1988
TL;DR: A low-cost helmet mounted eye gaze point sensor was developed by Sentient Systems Technology, Inc., for use in laboratory, simulator, and in-flight studies by NAVAIRTESTCEN in aircraft test and evaluation projects as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: : This report documents Phase I of a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract for development of a low-cost helmet mounted eye gaze point sensor The device, in completed form, is for use in laboratory, simulator, and in-flight studies by NAVAIRTESTCEN in aircraft test and evaluation projects Numerous other potential applications in behavioral research and development would benefit from use of the device produces a time history of eye gaze point information along with pupil diameter and eye-blink data It has flexibility as a sensor system for many different modes of application Sentient Systems Technology, Incorporated, completed design, testing, prototype hardware and software development, and functional testing of a prototype unit The effort constituted a full feasibility demonstration in the multistage SBIR contract cycle format Success in Phase I is intended to lead to follow-on contracts for engineering development and applications development or production during Phases II and III Functional demonstrations of the prototype unit with Sun Microsystems computer equipment were convincing and fully successful A complete prototype with simplified software for operation with an IBM compatible PC system is now being evaluated for in-house applications in a behavioral test and evaluation laboratory setting Keywords: Behavioral test equipment, Eye blink sensor, Flight test equipment, Gaze point sensor, Helmet mounted oculometer, Human factors engineering, Visual processing

Patent
24 Nov 1988
TL;DR: In this article, a screen, appropriate programs and a device for separating the visual impressions of both eyes permit diagnosis and therapy of visual disturbances of one eye or both eyes, it being possible at the same time to reduce or enlarge, continuously and (virtually) infinitely, the image shown.
Abstract: A screen, appropriate programs and a device for separating the visual impressions of both eyes permit diagnosis and therapy of visual disturbances of one eye or of both eyes, it being possible at the same time to reduce or enlarge, continuously and (virtually) infinitely, the image shown. The invention thereby replaces the functions of several of the conventional apparatuses and offers additional possibilities for hand/eye cooperation and projection of moving images on to the fovea of an amblyopic eye.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The eye tracking test is today a well established part of clinical otoneurological examination and some applications of the test in evaluating of the level of lesion within the vestibular system are reviewed.
Abstract: The eye tracking test is today a well established part of clinical otoneurological examination. In the present paper some applications of the test in evaluating of the level of lesion within the vestibular system are reviewed.

01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: Target Brightness Feedback method was developed in order to enhance the attention to the target and the standard deviations of all parameters but the position error at start of saccade decreased by the TBF, suggesting that saccadic characteristics become stasis-like.
Abstract: Characteristics of eye tracking movement vary with the level of the attention of the ou bject tracki ng a mavin g target. Target Brightness Feedback (TBF) method was developed in order to enhance the attention to the target. Sinusoidal movement was appli ed to target movement. Saccadic com­ ponent was detected from eye movement data and the four saccadic parameters, that is, the magnitude, the position er­ rors at start and at end of saccade, and the adjnsting gain were, obtained. The standard deviations of all parameters but the position error at start of saccade decreased by the TBF. They suggest that saccadic characteristics become sta­


Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 May 1988
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative human factors evaluation, conducted to identify the user, equipment, and environmental factors that impaired the performance of the visual system component development program (VSCDP) eye-tracking system, is presented.
Abstract: Results of a qualitative human factors evaluation, conducted to identify the user, equipment, and environmental factors that impaired the performance of the visual system component development program (VSCDP) eye-tracking system, are presented. The evaluation was performed in two phases: an exploratory phase and a validation phase. The results of the first phase indicated that eye tracking performance directly related to pupil size. In the second phase, the eyes of two subjects were chemically dilated, and a profound improvement in eye-tracking performance was observed. >