Showing papers on "Eye tracking published in 1994"
TL;DR: No worry to forget bringing the clinical management of binocular vision heterophoric accommodative and eye movement disorders book.
Abstract: Reading is a hobby to open the knowledge windows. Besides, it can provide the inspiration and spirit to face this life. By this way, concomitant with the technology development, many companies serve the e-book or book in soft file. The system of this book of course will be much easier. No worry to forget bringing the clinical management of binocular vision heterophoric accommodative and eye movement disorders book. You can open the device and get the book by on-line.
251 citations
01 Jan 1994
186 citations
TL;DR: The replications of the finding of eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives suggest that ETD may be informative in studies of a schizophrenia genotype having broadly defined phenotypes.
Abstract: The replications of the finding of eye tracking dysfunction (ETD) in schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives suggest that ETD may be informative in studies of a schizophrenia genotype having broadly defined phenotypes. We review and critically assess the literature on ETD with respect to syndrome and familial specificity and discuss the quantitative assessment of eye tracking.
166 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not essential to treatment outcome and these changes were maintained at follow-up.
154 citations
08 May 1994
TL;DR: Algorithms for 3D robotic visual tracking of moving targets whose motion is 3D and consists of translational and rotational components are presented to track selected features on moving objects and to place their projections on the image plane at desired positions by appropriate camera motion.
Abstract: Algorithms for 3D robotic visual tracking of moving targets whose motion is 3D and consists of translational and rotational components are presented. The objective of the system is to track selected features on moving objects and to place their projections on the image plane at desired positions by appropriate camera motion. The most important characteristics of the proposed algorithms are the use of a single camera mounted on the end-effector of a robotic manipulator (eye-in-hand configuration), and the fact that these algorithms do not require accurate knowledge of the relative distance of the target object from the camera frame. This fact makes these algorithms particularly useful in environments that are difficult to calibrate. The camera model used introduces a number of parameters that are estimated on-line, further reducing the algorithms' reliance on precise calibration of the system. An adaptive control algorithm compensates for modeling errors, tracking errors, and unavoidable computational delays which result from time-consuming image processing. Experimental results are presented to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithms. These experiments were performed using a multi-robotic system consisting of Puma 560 manipulators. >
113 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that impaired pursuit eye movements are a major cause of eye tracking impairments in schizophrenia, that tracking dysfunctions commonly occur in affective psychoses, and that markedly high rates of catch-up saccades during eye tracking may be specific to schizophrenia.
Abstract: To characterize oculomotor components and diagnostic specificity of eye tracking abnormalities in schizophrenia, we examined a large consecutively admitted series of psychotic patients and matched controls. The most common abnormality in schizophrenic patients was low gain (slow) pursuit eye movements (47% of cases). Pursuit and saccadic eye movement abnormalities were no more severe in schizophrenic Ss than in those with affective psychoses, except that high rates of catch-up saccades were unique to schizophrenic Ss (17% of cases). These findings indicate that impaired pursuit eye movements are a major cause of eye tracking impairments in schizophrenia, that tracking dysfunctions commonly occur in affective psychoses, and that markedly high rates of catch-up saccades during eye tracking may be specific to schizophrenia.
108 citations
Patent•
04 Feb 1994
TL;DR: In this article, an improved eye tracking system capable of accurately measuring fast eye movements, is controlled by a microprocessor and software to rapidly track a subject's eye movements using an electro-optical tracking system.
Abstract: An improved eye tracking system capable of accurately measuring fast eye movements, is controlled by a microprocessor and software to rapidly track a subject's eye movements. The hardware for the electro-optical tracking system includes a quadrant detector which detects the relative direction of movement of the subject's eye. The output of the quadrant detector is processed by the microprocessor under the control of three software subsystems. The first software subsystem is the servo tracking software which controls positioning motors that rapidly move a mirror mechanism which reflects light that forms an image of the subject's eye on the quadrant detector. The second software subsystem is the pupil recognition software which recognizes that an image of a pupil is present. The third software subsystem is the blink detection software which recognizes the presence of a blink and disables the servo tracking subsystem. These three software subsystems work together to insure accurate tracking of a subject's eye movements.
82 citations
10 May 1994
TL;DR: A method eliminating the light sources reflected in eye glass lenses and precisely detecting the pupil and the glint, which are the feature points for the determination of the eye-gaze point, were proposed.
Abstract: Video-based eye-gaze point detection methods used in the support systems for the disabled have been studied. Recently, we proposed the pupil detection technique using two light sources and the image difference method, and presented its effectiveness. In this paper, a method eliminating the light sources reflected in eye glass lenses and precisely detecting the pupil and the glint (the corneal reflection light), which are the feature points for the determination of the eye-gaze point, were proposed. >
81 citations
Patent•
16 Mar 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-administered screening test to determine whether a subject is physically impaired is performed by superposing two different colored lights as viewed through an eyepiece, the subject aligns his or her pupil on the optical axis of pupil imaging optics which focuses an image of the subject's pupil on an image plane.
Abstract: A fitness impairment tester implements a self-administered screening test to determine whether a subject is physically impaired. The tester is fully automated to respond to the entering of a subject's personal identification on a keypad. By superposing two different colored lights as viewed through an eyepiece, the subject aligns his or her pupil on the optical axis of pupil imaging optics which focuses an image of the subject's pupil on an image plane. The tester automatically recognizes this condition and audibly signals the subject that the test is about to begin. Light stimuli are provided to cause the pupil to change size and the eye to move. Pupil diameter measurements are made of the image of the subject's pupil in response to on axis light stimuli. Eye tracking of the subject's eye in response to moving light stimuli provide a measure of eye movements. The data acquired by measuring pupil diameter and saccadic movements of the subject's eye as a function of time are compared with baseline data for the subject stored in a database, and an output indicative of a deviation of said current measurements from said baseline data is provided.
72 citations
TL;DR: Seven children and young adults with definite signs of Asperger syndrome were administered a battery of tests designed to test: intelligence; left and right cerebral hemisphere functioning; ability to discriminate eye gaze; and social judgment, which revealed a non significant tendency to have a higher verbal IQ than visual IQ.
Abstract: Seven children and young adults with definite signs of Asperger syndrome were administered a battery of tests designed to test: intelligence; left and right cerebral hemisphere functioning; ability to discriminate eye gaze; and social judgment. The subjects revealed a non significant tendency to have a higher verbal IQ than visual IQ; and their right hemisphere functioning seemed impaired. They were also poorer at discriminating eye gaze and revealed difficulties in making hypothetical social judgments. The data are considered with reference to Rourke's (1988) work on non-verbal learning disabilities together with the ideas of Tantam (1992) on the “social gaze response” and Baron-Cohen's (1993) Eye-Detection Detector model. The possible links between social judgment and theory of mind (Frith, 1991) are briefly explored.
66 citations
Patent•
27 Dec 1994
TL;DR: The attitude of a human eye with respect to a head coordinate system is monitored for the purpose of determining the visual axis and for providing a control signal for control purposes such as controlling an image.
Abstract: The attitude of a human eye with respect to a head coordinate system is monitored for the purpose of determining the visual axis and for providing a control signal for control purposes such as controlling an image. The position, attitude or both of the head with respect to a reference frame may also be monitored for translating and/or transforming the monitored visual axis into other reference frames. Transformations and translations of the visual axis into additional reference frames is also disclosed.
19 Jun 1994
TL;DR: Prior knowledge of those task and target characteristics that either enable or hinder different real-time image-tracking algorithms, together with run-time evaluation of the robot's environment, are used to select an algorithm appropriate to the context.
Abstract: : In a mobile robot, visual tracking, like other visual behaviors, takes place in a context that includes aspects of the task, the object being tracked, and the background. In this work, prior knowledge of those task and target characteristics that either enable or hinder different real-time image-tracking algorithms, together with run-time evaluation of the robot's environment, are used to select an algorithm appropriate to the context.
TL;DR: The authors measured the effect of direction of eye gaze and head posture on amplitude of accommodation for two age groups, a young group aged 18 to 25 years and an older group aged 35 to 45 years.
Abstract: One of the theories of the mechanism of presbyopia is the Hess-Gullstrand theory. This theory predicts that amplitude of accommodation should increase in downgaze because of movement of the lens under the influence of gravity, and that this should be more marked for older than for younger subjects. We assessed this theory by measuring the effect of direction of eye gaze and head posture on amplitude of accommodation for two age groups. Farpoints, nearpoints, and amplitude of accommodation were determined for two subject groups, a young group aged 18 to 25 years and an older group aged 35 to 45 years. Small but significant shifts of nearpoints toward the eye were observed when head position or eye gaze was shifted from above to below the horizontal, for the younger observers only (the maximum mean difference between conditions was 1.1 D, compared with a mean accommodation level of 9.8 D for this young group). Previous studies by others found changes in the same direction for eye gaze and head position, respectively, but our changes were much smaller. We do not believe that particular care is needed in selection of head position and eye gaze during clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation. Because the shift of the nearpoint was noted only for the younger group, this study does not support the Hess-Gullstrand theory of presbyopia.
18 Sep 1994
TL;DR: A new approach is presented, solving the problem of eye movement recording with a parametrized self-organizing map (PSOM), and after a short calibration it reduces the average error to approximately 30 percent of its initial value.
Abstract: Research of visual cognition often suffers from very inexact methods of eye movement recording. A so-called eye tracker, fastened to the test person's head, yields information about pupil position and facing direction related to a computer monitor in front of the subject. It is now a software task to calculate the coordinates of the screen point the person is looking at. Conventional algorithms are not able to realize the required non-linear projection very precisely. Especially if the test person is wearing spectacles, the deviation may exceed 3 degrees of visual angle. In this paper a new approach is presented, solving the problem with a parametrized self-organizing map (PSOM). After a short calibration it reduces the average error to approximately 30 percent of its initial value. Due to its high efficiency (less than 150 μs per computation on a PC with a 486DX2-66 processor) it is perfectly suited for real-time application.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the relevant characteristics of the human eye, eye tracking technology, how to design interaction techniques that incorporate eye movements into the user-computer dialogue in a convenient and natural way, and the relationship between eye movement interfaces and virtual environments.
Abstract: The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each other via a narrowbandwidth, highly constrained interface [23]. To address it, we seek faster, more natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information. The user’s side is constrained by the nature of human communication organs and abilities; the computer’s is constrained only by input/output devices and interaction techniques that we can invent. Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction than user-to-computer, hence today’s user-computer dialogues are rather one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from user to computer. Using eye movements as a user-tocomputer communication medium can help redress this imbalance. This chapter describes the relevant characteristics of the human eye, eye tracking technology, how to design interaction techniques that incorporate eye movements into the user-computer dialogue in a convenient and natural way, and the relationship between eye movement interfaces and virtual environments.
01 Dec 1994
TL;DR: A framework for local tracking of self-occluding motion, in which parts of the mechanism obstruct each others visibility to the camera, is described, which uses a kinematic model to predict occlusion and windowed templates to track partially occluded objects.
Abstract: Computer sensing of hand and limb motion is an important problem for applications in human-computer interaction, virtual reality, and athletic performance measurement. We describe a framework for local tracking of self-occluding motion, in which parts of the mechanism obstruct each others visibility to the camera. Our approach uses a kinematic model to predict occlusion and windowed templates to track partially occluded objects. We analyze our model of self-occlusion, discuss the implementation of our algorithm, and give experimental results for 3D hand tracking under significant amounts of self-occlusion. These results extend the DigitEyes system for articulated tracking, which we have previously developed, to handle self-occluding motions.
Book•
01 Nov 1994
TL;DR: Part 1 Update on Eye Movement Recording Techniques: Rites of passage of the magnetic stretch coil (D.A. Robinson).
Abstract: Part 1 Update on Eye Movement Recording Techniques: Rites of passage of the magnetic stretch coil (D.A. Robinson). Infra-red reflection technique (J. Ober). Image-processing techniques for measurement of eye movement (A.H. Clarke). Video procedures for the measurement and display of three dimensions of eye movements (LS. Curthoys et al.). Part 2 Saccadic Eye Movements: The cortical control of saccadic eye movements (M.E. Goldburg). The express saccade - what does it help? (B. Fischer, H. Weber). Predictive saccadic eye-tracking - response to complex temporal and spatial stimuli (B. Gaymard et al). Part 3 Binocular Eye Movements: Binocular gaze movements - co-ordination of vergence and version (H. Collewijn et al). Saccade-vergence interactions? An evolutionary perspective on unbalanced saccades (J.T. Enright). Part 4 Eye Movements in Normal Reading: Sequences of fixations and saccades in reading (L.W. Stark). Reading eye movements in patients with oculomotor disturbances (K.J. Ciuffreda). Three-dimensional properties of saccadic eye movements while reading (T. Vilis). Eye movements during skilled reading (K. Rayner). Part 5 Eye Movements in Dyslexia: The role of sustained and transient pathways in reading and reading disability (B.G. Breitmeyer). Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movement patterns in reading, visual search, and tracking (J. Hyona, R.K. Olson). Saccadic eye movements of dyslexics in non-cognitive tasks (M. Biscaldi, B. Fischer). Eye movements in dyslexic and normal children (G. Stanley). Part 6 Binocular Control in Dyslexia: Binocular control in dyslexics (J.R Stein). Binocular control in normally reading children and dyslexics (G. Lennerstrand et al). Asymmetrical saccades in reading (J. Ygge, C. Jacobson). Part 7 Reading Eye Movement Models: What are "normal" eye movements during reading - towards a mathematical description (G.W. McConkie et al.). Effects of local processing and oculomotor factors in eye movement guidance in reading (J.K. O'Regan et al.). Stochastic models of reading (P. Suppres).
05 Dec 1994
TL;DR: The correlation filter-based tracking algorithm has proved to be useful in the authors' research in cooperative mobile robots and a visual servoing system has been implemented using this tracking algorithm for convoying of multiple mobile robots.
Abstract: A real-time correspondence based tracking algorithm is detailed. The system uses a pipeline processor, a general purpose processor, a camera and a display. The Minimum Noise and Correlation Energy (MINACE) filter is used in the tracking algorithm as it provides a good combination of speed, accuracy and flexibility for the targeted hardware system. The system designed is fast and tracking is accomplished at a rate of 15 hz. The system is adaptive and does not rely on a previous model of the object; the training image for filter synthesis is acquired from previous image frames and the filter is synthesized online to accommodate 3-D variations of the target being tracked. The system tracks an object consistently as is demonstrated by the low deviation of the results in the evaluation. The correlation filter-based tracking algorithm has proved to be useful in our research in cooperative mobile robots. A visual servoing system has been implemented using this tracking algorithm for convoying of multiple mobile robots. >
TL;DR: Time motion analysis indicates that a CT workstation using a stacked approach with a 0.2-second image display time and a simple interaction can display the next image in less than 0.4 seconds, however, nonadjacent eye movement is likely to take longer and radiologist behavior may be effected.
Abstract: Stacked displays hold the potential for accurate interpretation of multiple computed tomography (CT) studies on a low-cost workstation. But can such a display scroll as quickly as radiologists can move their eyes to the next image on a film? To address this question, eye-movement duration during CT chest interpretation was recorded using an electronic eye tracker. Adjacent eye movements (±1 image in sequence) averaged 0.54 seconds. Time motion analysis indicates that a CT workstation using a stacked approach with a 0.2-second image display time and a simple interaction can display the next image in less than 0.4 seconds, so a stacked approach should allow a low-cost workstation to facilitate acceptable interpretation of multiple CT or magnetic resonance studies. However, nonadjacent eye movement is likely to take longer and radiologist behavior may be effected.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The interaction of otolith organ stimulation and horizontal pursuit eye tracking in humans was studied in two different paradigms and linear motion information transduced by the otolith organs combined with visual target information to yield improved oculomotor tracking over either system alone.
Abstract: The interaction of otolith organ stimulation and horizontal pursuit eye tracking in humans was studied in two different paradigms. In the first we measured the effects of lateral linear acceleration on ocular tracking of a retinal after-image, as compared to eye movements produced by acceleration alone (the linear VOR). The second paradigm determined the improvement in smooth oculomotor tracking presumably due to otolith input, by comparing tracking of an earth-fixed target during subject motion to tracking of target motion with the subject stationary. Subject and target motions in each case were sinusoidal. After-image tracking enhanced the gain of the linear VOR by a factor of 2 to 10. This is interpreted to mean that oculomotor efferent copy information is used to reconstruct an internal representation of target velocity, which is then tracked by the oculomotor system in the after-image condition. In the second paradigm, linear motion information transduced by the otolith organs combined with visual target information to yield improved oculomotor tracking over either system alone.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1994
02 Oct 1994
TL;DR: A new and low cost method for quick searching and detecting the eye gaze position is successfully developed, which includes a quick match method for locating the pupil's center and an efficient eye gaze detecting algorithm.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with a simple method for realizing human-computer interaction by using the eye gaze as input for computer. A new and low cost method for quick searching and detecting the eye gaze position is successfully developed, which includes a quick match method for locating the pupil's center and an efficient eye gaze detecting algorithm. >
Book•
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: Saccadic eye movements smooth pursuit and motion perception eye movements in pathology and clinical settings neurophysiology of eye movements VOR/OKN methods.
Abstract: Saccadic eye movements smooth pursuit and motion perception eye movements in pathology and clinical settings neurophysiology of eye movements VOR/OKN methods.
15 Jul 1994
TL;DR: A robust approach to real-time model-based visual tracking and servoing for rigid polyhedral objects moving with 3 degrees of freedom for vehicle following where a vehicle is driven autonomously by following the path of another vehicle.
Abstract: This paper describes a robust approach to real-time model-based visual tracking and servoing for rigid polyhedral objects moving with 3 degrees of freedom. It is recognized that low-level feature segmentation is not infallible. Uncertainty measures enter into all computations to account for varying degrees of confidence in the measured object features. Robust tracking and servoing has been demonstrated in the presence of partial occlusion and cluttered backgrounds at tracking speeds of up to 1.2 rad/s (69 deg/s). This algorithm has also been used for vehicle following where a vehicle is driven autonomously by following the path of another vehicle.
TL;DR: Techniques to unobtrusively track direction and pupil diameter of radiologists reading a wide variety of films to gain knowledge that might improve the rate of early detection of breast cancer.
01 May 1994
TL;DR: This study does not support the Hess-Gullstrand theory of presbyopia because the shift of the nearpoint was noted only for the younger group, and it does not believe that particular care is needed in selection of head position and eye gaze during clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation.
Abstract: One of the theories of the mechanism of presbyopia is the Hess-Gullstrand theory. This theory predicts that amplitude of accommodation should increase in down-gaze because of movement of the lens under the influence of gravity, and that this should be more marked for older than for younger subjects. We assessed this theory by measuring the effect of direction of eye gaze and head posture on amplitude of accommodation for two age groups. Farpoints, nearpoints, and amplitude of accommodation were determined for two subject groups, a young group aged 18 to 25 years and an older group aged 35 to 45 years. Small but significant shifts of nearpoints toward the eye were observed when head position or eye gaze was shifted from above to below the horizontal, for the younger observers only (the maximum mean difference between conditions was 1.1 D, compared with a mean accommodation level of 9.8 D for this young group). Previous studies by others found changes in the same direction for eye gaze and head position, respectively, but our changes were much smaller. We do not believe that particular care is needed in selection of head position and eye gaze during clinical measurements of the amplitude of accommodation. Because the shift of the nearpoint was noted only for the younger group, this study does not support the Hess-Gullstrand theory of presbyopia.
TL;DR: A new gaze analyzer that can simultaneously analyze both head andEye movement was developed and a head and eye movement control model using neck-tilt is proposed.
Abstract: A new gaze analyzer that can simultaneously analyze both head and eye movement was developed. Using this system, head and eye coordination was studied as the subject viewed targets arranged 2-dimensionally. When the target subtends an angle over 30 degrees, the standard deviation of head share becomes smaller, suggesting that a program to control both the head- and eye-motor systems exists for a large line-of-sight shift. Neck-tilt along every meridian was also clarified. This indicates that the visual system calculates both horizontal and vertical displacements of head and eye movements through neck-tilt. A head and eye movement control model using neck-tilt is proposed.
01 Apr 1994
TL;DR: The objective was to identify eye gaze patterns in mammographic experts as they observe features, such as masses and microcalcification clusters: identification of these patterns could lead to improving the rate of early detection of breast cancer.
Abstract: We developed techniques to unobtrusively track direction and pupil diameter of radiologists reading a wide variety of films. This study concentrated on mammography since the use of mammograms is important for successful treatment of breast cancer, and we wished to determine how previous studies of eye gaze with lung films relate to the specialized field of mammography. Our objective was to identify eye gaze patterns in mammographic experts as they observe features, such as masses and microcalcification clusters: identification of these patterns could lead to improving the rate of early detection of breast cancer. Our near IR light system successfully tracked eye gaze direction and pupil diameter of mammographic experts evaluating films. The association of long eye gaze dwells with diagnostic accuracy varied with the type of object being viewed. In films with masses, false positive diagnoses were associated with long dwells: this is similar to published results of observing lung nodule diagnosis. In mammograms with microcalcifications, true positive diagnoses were associated with long dwells. The association of prolonged dwells with true positive diagnoses of microcalcifications is a new observation.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TL;DR: The role of long-term alcohol use on eye tracking is determined by comparing the eye tracking of chronic but detoxified alcoholic subjects to that of normal subjects and smooth pursuit tracking performance is correlated with indices of the severity of alcohol abuse.
Abstract: We determined the role of long-term alcohol use on eye tracking by comparing the eye tracking of chronic but detoxified alcoholic subjects to that of normal subjects. We also correlated smooth pursuit tracking performance with indices of the severity of alcohol abuse