Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 1990"

One More Time: Do Female and Male Managers Differ?

Abstract: Executive Overview There has been a dramatic change in the “face” of management over the last two decades. That face is now female more than one-third of the time. What are the implications for the practice of management? Most of us are aware of traditional stereotypes about male-female differences, but how well do these stereotypes apply to the managerial ranks? Do male and female managers differ in their basic responses to work situations and their overall effectiveness (and if so, in what ways), or are they really quite similar? This article reviews the research evidence gathered on these questions since women managers were first noticed by researchers in the mid-1970s. The implications of this review are discussed, and contrasted with recommendations offered in recent articles by Jan Grant in Organizational Dynamics and Felice Schwartz in Harvard Business Review. The title of the article is styled after the title of Frederick Herzberg's classic 1968 Harvard Business Review article, “One More Time: How...

Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living

Abstract: How do Balinese manage to present to the world the clear, bright face, the grace and poise, that they regard as crucial to self-respect and social esteem? How can the anthropologist pass behind the conventions of such a complex culture to recognize what is going on between people, in terms that convey their own experience? Wikan's study of the Indonesian island of Bali is an absorbing debate with previous anthropological interpretations as well as an innovative development of the anthropology of experience. "This is indeed an important book, a landmark in studies of Bali and one surely destined to have major theoretical impact on anthropological research well beyond that famous Indonesian island."-Anthony R. Walker, "Journal of Asian and African Studies"

Doing Business in China: A Framework for Cross‐cultural Understanding

Abstract: The process of doing business in The People′s Republic of China can be understood better and improved through a conceptual model that identifies and explains critical elements of their culture. An attempt is made to fill a gap in previous work by integrating anthropological and political theory, pertinent literature, and experience in the Chinese context. The model reveals the importance of understanding how communication occurs cross‐culturally through language, material objects, and non‐verbal behaviour. The critical role of interpersonal relationships in China is discussed, highlighting the important factors of guanxi, face, group orientation, and deference to age and authority. The final element of the cultural framework is the pervasive influence of the Communist Party. A number of implications are offered for Western business practitioners.

Losing Face: Status Politics in Japan

Abstract: How does a "homogeneous" society like Japan treat the problem of social inequality? "Losing Face" looks beyond conventional catagories such as class, race and ethnicity to focus on conflicts based on differences in social status. Three case studies explore crucial asymmetries of age, sex and the legacy of caste to provide a testimony to the problems inferiors face in pressing grievances in a consensus society.

Cries for democracy : writings and speeches from the 1989 Chinese democracy movement

Abstract: "Han Minzhu" and her assistant editor, "Hua Sheng," both writing under pseudonyms to protect their identities, present a rich collection of translations of original writings and speeches from the 1989 Chinese Democracy Movement--flyers, "big-character" posters, "small-character" posters, handbills, poems, articles from nonofficial newspapers and journals, government statements, and transcriptions of tapes Linked by a commentary setting the documents in the context of the movement's history and of Chinese social and political life, these expressions--indeed, cries--of the participants in the passionate demonstrations in Beijing and other Chinese cities powerfully convey the atmosphere of this extraordinary protest In the face of the ensuing campaign of intimidation and repression in China, this book enables Western readers to see through the eyes of Chinese students, intellectuals, workers, and other citizens the realities behind the reports and visual images that flooded the media during the spring of 1989 The editors believe that the underlying motivations, emotions, and aspirations of the prodemocracy demonstrators can best be communicated to those outside China by translations that aim as much as possible to capture the original words, tones, and rhythms of the Chinese people This book is a unique collection of political and personal documents, and it is also a dramatic presentation of the movement The lucid commentary, the arrangement of selections in approximate chronological order, and the use of photographs combine to create a vivid and flowing narrative Beginning with the student discontent and restlessness that pervaded Chinese campuses in the winter of 1989, and continuing through to the violent suppression of the Democracy Movement in June with the bloody army takeover of Tiananmen Square and sweeping arrests of activists, the story shows how moderate demands on the part of students grew into a mass antigovernment protest and resistance to martial law in Beijing Highlighting the demands and goals of the protesters and the attitude of the students toward the Chinese Communist Party, the work movingly evokes the determination, idealism, courage, and flashes of humor that were the essence of this unforgettable spring

‘Its all in the asking’: A perspective on problems of cross-cultural communication between native speakers of French and native speakers of Australian English in the workplace

Abstract: When people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds have to work together, this often leads to negative stereotyping, as the result of clashing rules of interaction. This article, based on ‘on the job’ recorded data, looks at the particular case of French people living and working in Australia, in relation to one specific type of exchange: the request. It isolates three major types of causes of tension and misunderstandings between them and native speakers of Australian English: differences in politeness strategies, differences in the assessment of what constitutes a ‘face-threatening act’ and clashes between ‘face wants’ and other wants.

Mien Tze at the Chinese dinner table: A study of the interactional accomplishment of face

Abstract: (1990). Mien Tze at the Chinese dinner table: A study of the interactional accomplishment of face. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 24, No. 1-4, pp. 109-140.

Tradition and Innovation in Contemporary Beijing Opera Performance

Abstract: Before examining the current balance of tradition and innovation in Beijing opera performance, as well as some of the reasons for that balance, a brief review of certain major traditional characteristics of the form seems called for. In terms of both Chinese and international theatrical history, Beijing opera is not an old form. Its genesis did not occur until the end of the 18th century, and it did not emerge as a fully independent, influential theatre form until the mid-I9th century-at about the same time that realism began to replace romanticism and neoclassicism in Europe. Throughout most of its history, performers-rather than playwrights, composers, directors, or performance theorists-have functioned as the aesthetic, creative, and performative center of Beijing opera.1 The majority of Beijing opera plays have simple, easily understood, and well-known plots which were anonymously created or adapted, often by the performers themselves, from novels, popular stories, and earlier "literary" plays. Focused neither on script nor plot, these plays feature the mental and emotional lives of characters. They reveal the "miracle of moments," and do so in several complexly layered "languages" which are presented simultaneously. One of these languages is Mandarin Chinese, performed as much for its aesthetic values as for its denotative meaning. Other languages include the pihuang musical language of song and orchestral accompaniment, the language of percussive patterns (luogu dian), and the language of conventional stylized movement-all of which are capable of expressing dense and specific affective meaning. The characters themselves are each representative of a particular role category (hangdang), and therefore "typed" in terms of sex, general age, level of dignity, and size of expression (i.e., painted face characters [jing or hualian] are "larger than life," and the vocal and physical techniques used in their presentation are therefore larger-involve greater volume, broader timbre, and more expansive movements-than those used for other male role categories). But individual characters are by no means stereotypical in terms of their values, personality traits, and reactions to the circumstances in which they are placed. Indeed, the same character in essentially the same situation may be

The spirit of Chinese foreign policy : a psychocultural view

Abstract: Perspectives on Chinese foreign policy behaviour self, culture, and drama of foreign policy - a cybernetic metaphor Chinese psychoculture and foreign policy motivation face diplomacy - leaders and norms in foreign policy making the changing national self-images in Chinese diplomatic history the national self-images actualized - organization in Chinese diplomacy the national self-images demonstrated - force in Chinese diplomacy

Drawing on memory: exploring the expertise of a police artist.

Abstract: The use by the police of artists to draw likenesses of suspects is on the increase, yet there are few studies of their professional prowess. In the current study, art students observed one of six target faces before either drawing a likeness of the person themselves or collaborating with an experienced police artist. The likenesses produced by the police artist were judged as consistently superior to those made by the students, despite the artist working indirectly from the witnesses' verbal directions. Instructions to judge the target face in terms of likely character and personality led to better drawings than instruction to examine physical features when students worked with the artist but not when they drew on their own. These findings are discussed in terms of police practice and face processing theory.

Listening to Hindus

Abstract: The "Listening To" series introduces students to the challenging and varied nature of religion. By "listening to " members of different faiths talking about what it means to be a Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jew, Muslim or Sikh, young people are encouraged to explore the human face of religion, and make informed personal responses to the beliefs and values of others. Pupils are encouraged to see the six major religions in Britain as living faiths which affect people's everyday lives and their attitudes to the world around them. The books aim to foster a willingness and ability to listen to others and to respect different ways of life, and to discourage stereotyping and generalizations.

Social Skills Training for Primary Age Children

Abstract: Summary Over recent years teachers have become increasingly aware of the role which schools have to play in the personal and social development of children. For the majority of pupils the mere experience of working and playing alongside others will be sufficient to enable them to develop appropriate social skills. Some children, however, seem to be unable to pick up valuable social cues incidentally, and unless they receive specific training may face the prospect of growing up with few friends.

The Enclosure of English Social History

Abstract: It is now roughly a quarter of a century since the proponents of a new social history of early modern England offered students of the period a novel agenda and an unprecedented opportunity. Prior to the 1960s social history had been variously understood as the history of everyday life, of the lower classes and popular movements, or as a junior partner in the relatively recently-established firm of economic and social history (occupied in the main with the study of social institutions and social policy). As such, it had produced more than a few pioneering works of outstanding quality and lasting value (some of them about to enjoy a revived recognition after decades of relative neglect). But it was not a field close to the centre of historical preoccupation. It was at best contextual, at worst residual.From the early 1960s, however, came a call for a social history of a new type, one conceived as the history of social relationships and of the culture which informs them and gives them meaning. The new agenda was deeply influenced by the social sciences and envisaged an ever closer relationship with sociology, social anthropology and demography. Peter Laslett wrote of ‘sociological history’ or ‘historical sociology’ and Keith Thomas of the need for a ‘more systematic indoctrination’ in the concepts and methodologies of the social sciences. As applied to history, all this was both radical and liberating. In the face of an established curriculum which appeared in many respects restrictive and in some dessicated, it proposed a massive and necessary broadening and deepening of historical concern: the creation of a range of historical enquiry appropriate to the preoccupations and understandings of the late twentieth century.

"Basic Victim Positions" and the Women in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale

Abstract: In the light of Atwood's "Basic Victim Positions" as stated in Survival, the women in The Handmaid's Tale embody a wide spectrum of mental responses in the face of traditionalist oppression. Most interesting of all is the Narrator in her dynamic complexity. While the mental states of the others may be seen to constitute a kind of guidebook of recognizable but undesirable or unrealistic options, her honest, patient and courageous struggle for freedom and dignity, and her ultimate triumph through love and the power of words, redeem her earlier indifference and establish her as a woman who elicits not only compassion but respect.

Not just another pretty face.

Abstract: A solution to get the problem off, have you found it? Really? What kind of solution do you resolve the problem? From what sources? Well, there are so many questions that we utter every day. No matter how you will get the solution, it will mean better. You can take the reference from some books. And the not just another pretty face is one book that we really recommend you to read, to get more solutions in solving this problem.

Power relations and fool-master discourse in Shakespeare : a discourse stylistics approach to dramatic dialogue

Abstract: This study undertakes an examination of fool-master discourse in Shakespeare with the help of discourse stylistics, an approach to the study of literary texts which combines findings from the fields of discourse analysis, conversation analysis and pragmatics. The analysis aims to show how the relations of power which exist between dramatic characters are manifested by the linguistic organization of the dialogue as interactive process. Fool-master discourse in Shakespeare is analysed from three different perspectives: the use of the pronouns of address (you/thou); the organization of the discourse as a whole; and the politeness strategies used by fools and their employers in face-to-face interaction. With regard to the pronouns of address, it is shown that neither a structural model nor a sociolinguistic one are sufficient per se to satisfactorily explain the constant shift of pronoun which occurs in Early Modern English dramatic texts. It is suggested that a model of analysis rooted in discourse analysis and pragmatics ought to be developed. Burton's framework is used to study the conversational structure of fool-master discourse, and to show how the power relations obtaining between dramatic characters are manifested by the internal organization of dramatic dialogue. Politeness phenomena in fool-master discourse are studied following Brown and Levinson's model and it is shown that both the fools and their employers orient to face in interaction. Finally, this study of power relations in fool-master discourse shows that, contrary to much current critical opinion, the fools in Shakespeare are not licensed jesters who enjoy unlimited freedom of speech. Feste, Lavatch and Lear's Fool need to resort to complex linguistic strategies if they want to make their criticisms and, at the same time, avoid being punished.

Conformity in the face of ambiguity: A bureaucratic dilemma

Abstract: One of the central problems in the analysis of bureaucracy involves the occasions in which the formal rules of the system fail to provide adequate guidance. Bureaucrats must then attempt not only to decide whether or not to follow the applicable rules, but also to determine, individually and collectively, which rules apply in which situations. How can bureaucrats establish their conformity to the rules of the system in the face of such ambiguity? This paper addresses this question through the analysis of a specific bureaucratic process in the federal government in the United States: the review and approval by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) of government's plans to collect information from persons or entities outside it. Specifically, the paper provides an overview of federal information collection policy, a description of the process through which this policy is exercised, an analysis of the kinds of argument marshalled among the participating bureaucrats to determine the utility of particular information collections, and examples of the process at both its simplest and most complex. As shall be seen in the concluding section, the consideration of this process militates for a view of bureaucratic behavior that straddles the divide between administrative and ethnomethodological approaches to the subject. This last point, however, suggests the need for a brief review of the approach taken to the subject prior to the description of the review process itself.

Ethical issues in editing scholarly journals

Abstract: Various ethical issues that often involve dilemmas to face editors of scholarly journals. These issues are treated via discussions of treatment of colleagues’ submissions; paradigm-based decisions, and decisions based on personal sociological predilections and commitments; “reasonable” referee-assignment policies; policies with respect to how referees’ judgments are used; and “privileged” treatment of categories of authors relative to other categories.