Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 2000"
TL;DR: This paper found that neither speaker-hearer relationship nor politeness strategies was consistently associated with perceived threat to face or perceived advice effectiveness, and suggested revisions to politeness theory and additional factors that may affect judgments of face sensitivity and advice effectiveness.
Abstract: Advice is a common but potentially problematic way to respond to someone who is distressed. Politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987) suggests advice threatens a hearer's face and predicts that the speaker-hearer relationship and the use of politeness strategies can mitigate face threat and enhance the effectiveness of advice messages. Students (N=384) read 1 of 16 hypothetical situations that varied in speaker power and closeness of the speaker-hearer relationship. Students then read 1 of 48 advice messages representing different politeness strategies and rated the message for regard shown for face and for effectiveness. However, neither speaker-hearer relationship nor politeness strategies was consistently associated with perceived threat to face or perceived advice effectiveness. We suggest revisions to politeness theory and additional factors that may affect judgments of face sensitivity and advice effectiveness.
173 citations
150 citations
Book•
13 Nov 2000
TL;DR: The authors provide richly detailed analyses of the issues and of the changing face of media in China, using participant observations, surveys, and in-depth interviews conducted within media organizations, including participant observations and interviews conducted by participants themselves.
Abstract: This book addresses, as few books in English have, a broad range of topics pertaining to China's expanding media and telecommunications systems. American and Chinese experts in journalism, communication, government, and political science use fieldwork, including participant observations, surveys, and in-depth interviews conducted within media organizations, to provide richly detailed analyses of the issues and of the changing face of media in China.
122 citations
01 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the central role of culture in cognitive evolution is discussed, focusing on the personal, social, and affective development of the human brain, and the development of physical and spatial knowledge.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Part I: Epistemological Issues. J. Margolis, Would You Say Developmental Psychology Was a Science? The Cultural Paradigm of Mind. M. Donald, The Central Role of Culture in Cognitive Evolution: A Reflection on the Myth of the "Isolated Mind." Part II: Personal, Social, and Affective Development. M.C. Nussbaum, Emotions and Social Norms. M.J. Chandler, C.E. Lalonde, B.J. Sokol, Continuities of Selfhood in the Face of Radical Development and Cultural Change. C. Strauss, The Culture Concept and the Individualism-Collectivism Debate: Dominant and Alternative Attributions for Class in the United States. L.P. Nucci, E. Turiel, The Moral and the Personal: Sources of Social Conflicts. Part III: The Development of Physical and Spatial Knowledge. A.A. diSessa, Does the Mind Know the Difference Between the Physical and Social Worlds? P. Brown, S.C. Levinson, Frames of Spatial Reference and Their Acquisition in Tenejapan Tzeltal. M. Bowerman, Where Do Children's Word Meanings Come From? Rethinking the Role of Cognition in Early Semantic Development. P.M. Greenfield, Culture and Universals: Integrating Social and Cognitive Development.
89 citations
TL;DR: The authors evaluates Mao's (1994) debate with Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) about their politeness theory based on the notion of face and concludes that Mao's arguments against their theory are not convincing and that the nature of politeness strategies favored by a particular culture should be established on an empirical basis rather than from the alleged connotations of certain words.
71 citations
TL;DR: A sample of 'transparent' languages without those particular inconsistencies of phoneme-grapheme correspondence are considered: they seem to produce fewer children with problems but nevertheless do present some different inconsistencies of their own.
Abstract: Since research into dyslexic difficulties has been conducted predominately among those whose first language is English, assumptions may have been made about the nature of dyslexia which are dependent on the complex features of that language. This paper considers first a sample of 'transparent' languages without those particular inconsistencies of phoneme-grapheme correspondence: they seem to produce fewer children with problems but nevertheless do present some different inconsistencies of their own. Another 'opaque' language (French) is shown to present different problems from English. Finally, the paper considers what the difficulties for dyslexics could be in countries with languages having a morphemic script, e.g. Chinese and Japanese kanji. It is suggested that more research is needed into the ways in which particular languages generate particular dyslexic manifestations.
68 citations
Journal Article•
62 citations
TL;DR: The dilemma between the rigorous demands of good scholarship and the personal and pragmatic demands of constituency and themselves has been identified by as discussed by the authors, who argue that "business and society academics face an ongoing dilemma that they face between rigorous demands for good scholarship [and] the personal demands of constituencies and themselves".
Abstract: Business and society academics face an ongoing dilemma between the rigorous demands of good scholarship and the personal and pragmatic demands of constituencies and themselves. This dilemma is, abo...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the ways in which cautiousness is exercised to achieve consensus in American business meetings and highlight two processes: protecting oneself through a reversal of opinion, and protecting others by helping them articulate a reversal.
Abstract: This article contributes to studies of politeness and talk in the workplace. In particular, it focuses on the ways in which cautiousness is exercised to achieve consensus in American business meetings. This topic is elaborated against the real-world background of the surveillance culture of corporate America and a tradition of consensus-oriented decision-making, in the theoretical context of politeness theory (adding variables related to the ‘political economy’ of the investigated interactions), and with the methodological insights provided by conversation analysis. ‘Reversals’ are identified as specific turn patterns in face-saving strategies aimed at consensus. Two processes are highlighted: Attempts at protecting oneself through a reversal of opinion, and protecting others by helping them articulate a reversal.
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: The Moral Relevance of Judaism to Modernity and the Epistemic Viability of the Appeal to the Face of the Other are presented.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Conversational Deference and Communicative Action Chapter 2 Care, Justice, and the Face of the Other Chapter 3 The Metaphysical Ground of Moral Authority Chapter 4 The Liberties of the Ancients and Moderns Chapter 5 The Moral Relevance of Judaism to Modernity Chapter 6 The Epistemic Viability of the Appeal to the Face of the Other
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This paper examined the roles played by skill and experience in Australian invention during the colonial era and found that common sense and the acquisition of basic practical skills appeared to be the only prerequisites for inventiveness.
Abstract: This paper uses patent data from Victoria to examine the roles played by skill and experience in Australian invention during the colonial era. In addition to identifying a broadening involvement of Australians in inventive activity in the second half of the nineteenth century, this paper also provides evidence which indicates that technological creativity in Australia in this period did not depend on either the existence of a body of highly skilled workers or major advances in the stock of knowledge of which only they were cognizant. Rather, common sense and the acquisition of basic practical skills appear to have been the only prerequisites for inventiveness. Given the widespread availability of such skills in the colonies, the article concludes that the supply of patentable ideas in nineteenth-century Australia must have been fairly elastic.
TL;DR: In this article, an ethnography of communication study details three themes (hard work, family, and religion) as relevant to the lives of Mexican American interlocutors in Biola, CA.
Abstract: This ethnography of communication study details three themes (hard work, family, and religion) as relevant to the lives of Mexican American interlocutors in Biola, CA. The project entailed four summers of participant observations and 43 formal interviews (that is, 1993 1996, June August) with additional informal chats and observations taken at other times of the year. The conclusions of the study demonstrate how the role of family and religion serve as unifying forces despite the economic struggles that so many of the families face in this small, agricultural community.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore some of the reasons for the resistance to and costs of analyzing science as a social fact, and consider the consequences of bringing science into the dialogue on orientalism and occidentalism.
Abstract: Social and cultural studies of science revolutionized our understanding of science during the last quarter of the 20th century. This achievement has been accomplished in the face of great resistance and at great cost to the critics and theorists of science. In this paper, we explore some of the reasons for the resistance to and costs of analyzing science as a social fact. At the same time, we try to regain some of the momentum science studies achieved in the 1960s and 1970s. Our approach is to consider the consequences of bringing science into the dialogue on orientalism and occidentalism. We discuss the invention of science in terms of the traditions against or in opposition to which it was invented. Science, no matter how we define it, is intertwined with the industrial, and military technologies that grounded European movement into and around the world. Social theory is not only a route to critique and theory in science studies, but also a route for saving science as an intellectual enterprise.
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: McGarrell and Brantley as discussed by the authors described the difference in perceptions of English teachers about the teaching of literature in six-week ADVENTIST secondary schools in the Carribean.
Abstract: DIFFERENTIAL PERCEPTIONS OF ENGLISH TEACHERS ABOUT THE TEACHING OF LITERATURE IN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SELECTED REGIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN by Shirley Ann McGarrell Chair: Paul S. Brantley Co-Chair: Douglas Jones Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH DissertationOF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University School o f Education Title: DIFFERENTIAL PERCEPTIONS OF ENGLISH TEACHERS ABOUT THE TEACHING OF LITERATURE IN SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTIST SECONDARYSCHOOLS IN SELECTED REGIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN Name o f researcher: Shirley Ann McGarrell Name and degree o f faculty chair: Paul S. Brantley, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2000
31 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This article suggested that a more sophisticated view of politeness is required in identifying what the Alzheimer's patient is capable of, and they also proposed a refinement of the notion of politliness to reconcile these two views.
Abstract: A recent paper by (Temple et al., 1999) investigating the politeness abilities of Alzheimer's sufferers has suggested that the sufferers they worked with were capable of employing politeness strategies towards their interlocutor. Given that politeness, according to (Brown and Levinson, 1987) revolves around face and that attending to another person's face requires the ability to take the other's role or perspective, Temple et al.'s findings would seem to contradict the findings of (Hamilton, 1988) who made the claim that Alzheimer's sufferers are unable to take the role of the other. Our proposal is that a more sophisticated view of politeness is required in identifying what the Alzheimer's patient is capable of. A refinement of the notion of politeness would also allow us to reconcile these two views. This refinement may be usefully achieved through employing the subdivision made by (Janney and Arndt, 1992) who propose that social politeness be distinguished from tact. In this approach, it is tact that i...
TL;DR: Turn-taking in tabloid talkshows has been studied in this paper, where the authors compare the turn-taking organization in tabloid talkhows with those outlined by Sacks et al. (1974) for conversation and show that there are differences between both types of interaction.
Abstract: Media discourse, and in particular programmes such as talkshows, are certainly practices that have extended, enriched, and often taken to the limits, conversation as a speech event. The number of possibilities arising from conversational practice have certainly found a new dimension in the context of the mass media, and on TV in particular (cf. Vande Berg et al. 1991 and 1998). In this article I describe tabloid talkshows as one type of speech event. I focus on the description of the turn-taking organisation in tabloid talkshows by comparing their characteristics to those outlined by Sacks et al. (1974) for conversation. In order to carry out such comparison, I first propose a review and, consequently, a reform of the 14 features listed by Sacks et al. in their article ‘A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation’. The results show that there are differences between both types of interaction.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of face that uses dignity as the face-expression of personal attributes and acquisitions, and honor as a face expression of systemic capabilities and attainments is proposed.
Abstract: Illness narratives from patients with colorectal cancer commonly record patterns of change in social relationships that follow the diagnosis and treatment of the condition. We believe that these changes are best explained as a process of facework, which reflects losses of face on the part of the patient, and which assists in the creation of new faces that convey new senses of identity. Facework is familiar in the work by E. Goffman (1955) and has been extensively reworked since his time. There is considerable agreement that face is a pervasive and universal constituent of all social interaction, and that it expresses the subject's view of the way he or she would like to be considered by others in interactions. Ho's concept of multiple faces negotiated dynamically according to social context is particularly useful in understanding the purpose and techniques of facework (D. Y.-F. Ho, 1994). We propose a model of face that uses dignity as the face-expression of personal attributes and acquisitions, and honor as the face-expression of systemic capabilities and attainments. This model can be used to examine individual variations in response and adaptation to colon cancer and its treatment, and it provides a useful means of teaching health care workers about the experience of illness.
01 Oct 2000