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Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 2004"


Book
30 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, Dragon-Slayers and Panda-Huggers were used to save face and save face, respectively, in the twenty-first century, in order to defend Chinese Nationalism and U.S. Relations in the Twenty-First Century.
Abstract: Introduction: Dragon-Slayers and Panda-Huggers 1. Saving Face 2. Chinese Identity and "the West" 3. A "Century of Humiliation" 4. The "Kissinger Complex" 5. Victors or Victims? 6. China's Apology Diplomacy 7. Popular Nationalism and the Fate of the Nation 8. Chinese Nationalism and U.S.--China Relations in the Twenty-First Century Notes Bibliography Acknowledgements Index

324 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of essays about transnationalism in the second generation of immigrants is presented, with a focus on how transnational the children of immigrants actually are and the kinds of activities they engage in.
Abstract: This collection, edited by Peggy Levitt and Mary Waters, contains a wide range of perspectives and, unlike many other edited volumes, presents genuine dialogue about its topic. The contributing authors use a wide range of conceptualizations of transnationalism, from the very narrow to the kinds of loose definitions that provoke much of the criticism of the field. The editors’ Introduction appropriately emphasizes that the book is meant not to provide answers but to suggest a starting point for additional research on “how transnational the children of immigrants actually are and the kinds of activities they engage in” (p. 3). The editors show the significance of the contributions without promising more than the book can deliver. The book is divided into three parts: Historical, Empirical, and Theoretical Perspectives; Questioning Some Underlying Assumptions; and Using a Transnational Lens to Understand the Children of Immigrants. A number of key themes run throughout the collection. Most of the authors agree that only a small minority of members of the second generation in the United States are involved in what is a fairly limited range of transnational practices within the context of a mostly linear assimilation process, but there are reasons to believe that this involvement may have long-term effects worth studying. For example, even a small minority of the second generation is, in absolute terms, a large number of people, and the cumulative effect of their selective and periodic transnational practices may turn out to be substantial and significant. Other continuing themes include variation in second generation transnational behavior across the life course, as well as differences by class, race/ethnicity, and national origin. As Michael Jones-Correa argues:

304 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A trilogy of ideologies is haunting the modern world-the trilogy of Marxist socialism, unencumbered individualism, and fascist religiosity as discussed by the authors, and it is high time that researchers should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet these nursery tales with a manifesto of their own.
Abstract: A trilogy of ideologies is haunting the modern world-the trilogy of Marxist socialism, unencumbered individualism, and fascist religiosity. Should all the social scientific powers of old and new Europe as well as those of the Americas and their progeny enter into an alliance to hunt down and exorcise this trilogy? Perhaps it is high time that Q methodologists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet these nursery tales with a manifesto of their own. To this end, the collected works of William Stephenson and Steven Brown and those of the growing number of Q researchers, present and afoot, might be assembled and published in the major languages of the world. Now that would be a class struggle.

183 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-cultural comparison in the realization patterns of the apology speech acts between the two languages was performed, showing that Persian speakers are more sensitive to contextual factors and vary their face-keeping strategies accordingly whereas English speakers mostly use one apology strategy and intensify it based on contextual factors.
Abstract: This paper discusses a number of differences between English and Persian in the area of speech acts and links them with different cultural values and norms. The Persian speakers’ use of face-keeping strategies in reaction to complaints was compared with American English speakers’ performance. The most frequent face- saving strategy used by both groups in reaction to complaints was the apology speech act. Therefore, a cross-cultural comparison in the realization patterns of the apology speech acts between the two languages was performed. A detailed analysis of the use of the illocutionary force indicating device (IFID) strategies and supportive strategies revealed important differences in communicative styles of the two groups which can give us insights into understanding different cultural values, norms, and assumptions concerning interpersonal use of language in a Western and a non-Western language. It is shown that Persian speakers are more sensitive to contextual factors and vary their face-keeping strategies accordingly whereas English speakers mostly use one apology strategy and intensify it based on contextual factors.

70 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article applied politeness theory to the task of predicting receivers' responses to affectionate messages from adult platonic friends, finding a curvilinear relationship between the directness of affectionate message and receivers' intentions to reciprocate them, with the most direct and most indirect messages being most likely to be reciprocated.
Abstract: Although expressions of affection may be regarded as a form of support between relational partners, affectionate communication has the potential also to be threatening to senders’ and receivers’ face needs, especially in nonromantic relationships. On the premise that a given communicative act can support positive face needs while simultaneously threatening negative face needs, this study applied politeness theory to the task of predicting receivers’ responses to affectionate messages from adult platonic friends. Results indicated that direct, unequivocal affectionate messages were the most supportive of positive face and also the most threatening to negative face, while indirect, equivocal messages supported positive face and threatened negative face the least. A curvilinear relationship emerged between the directness of affectionate messages and receivers’ intentions to reciprocate them, with the most direct and most indirect messages being most likely to be reciprocated. The implications of these findin...

53 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend Wilson, Aleman, and Leatham's (1998) revision of Brown and Levinson's politeness theory by focusing on the relationship between face threat and refusals to requests.
Abstract: This investigation seeks to extend Wilson, Aleman, and Leatham's (1998) revision of Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory by focusing on the relationship between face threat and refusals to requests. Results support that (a) when requests are refused, threats to the negative face needs of the requester are more prevalent than threats to the negative face of the refuser and (b) depending on the obstacle underlying the refusal, there are differences in type of threat present to the requester's positive face and the refuser's face needs.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, four face overgeneralization hypotheses are offered to explain first impressions of faces, which hold that the psychological qualities that are accurately revealed by the first impression of faces accurately reveal the person's personality.
Abstract: Four face overgeneralization hypotheses are offered to explain consensual first impressions of faces. These hypotheses hold that the psychological qualities that are accurately revealed by the func...

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Kofi Agyekum1
TL;DR: In this article, the metaphorical expressions derived from anim "face" in Akan, a major language in Ghana, are analyzed and discussed in relation with the universal concept analysed by Face Theory.
Abstract: The paper examines the metaphorical expressions derived from anim ‘face’ in Akan, a major language in Ghana. It analyses and discusses face metaphoric expressions in relation with the universal concept analysed by Face Theory. The paper projects this concept onto the Akan cultural system and looks at how the concept is used in Akan communicative interaction. The sociolinguistics and pragmatics of anim are considered. In particular, it focuses on face-to-face interaction and the typical situations and discourses within the Akan speech community where the concept of face plays a role.

48 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue for the informed use of self-efficacy theory as one pragmatic guide for the design of teaching methods uniquely suited to social work practice and provide recommendations for how this research can be applied in social work education.
Abstract: Social work educators face the enormous challenge of preparing students to tackle the complex realities they will face in professional practice In this conceptual article, the author argues for the informed use of self-efficacy theory as one pragmatic guide for the design of teaching methods uniquely suited to social work practice Research concerning the known sources of self-efficacy is reviewed and recommendations for how this research can be applied in social work education is presented The strengths and limitations of self-efficacy theory in the context of social work perspectives and values are also discussed

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of teachers selecting corrective feedback based on the politeness notion of face is presented, which can be used to relate cognitive and affective scaffolding and to model the selection of teaching strategies given specific contexts.
Abstract: Providing students with cognitive and affective support is generally recognised as important to their successful learning. There is an intuitive recognition of the two types of support being related, but little research explains how such a relationship may be manifested in teaching strategies, or what conditions tutors' strategic choices in relation to those two types of support. Research on politeness provides plausible answers to those questions. In this paper we present a model of teachers selecting corrective feedback based on the politeness notion of face. We adapt the existing definition of face to the educational genre and we demonstrate how it can be used to relate cognitive and affective scaffolding and to model the selection of teaching strategies given specific contexts.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the function of humorous interchanges in the negotiation of roles and identities on an acute geriatric ward, and found that humorous interactions often characterise care-giving relationships and may be interpreted as a way of easing the face threat of physical examinations.
Abstract: This paper looks at the function of humorous interchanges in the negotiation of roles and identities on an acute geriatric ward. Humour is not often discussed as a feature of interactions between medical professionals and patients, but some authors have noted that joking interactions often characterise care-giving relationships and may be interpreted as a way of easing the face-threat of physical examinations. In many studies, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness is invoked, assuming that joking behaviour is one manifestation of face work, being a form of positive politeness (since it is based on shared knowledge). However, Brown and Levinson’s alternative explanation may be applicable in the hospital ward context: joking may be seen as an exploitation of politeness strategies, wherein the speaker seeks to redefine the face-threatening act through humour. A full account of the relational impact of playful talk needs to take account of both the macro context and the local, sequential unfolding of turns at talk.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Bilingual social workers are often crucial in offering services to clients who cannot communicate effectively in English as mentioned in this paper. But little research exists on the issues such workers face with in working with...
Abstract: Bilingual social workers are often crucial in offering services to clients who cannot communicate effectively in English. Little research exists on the issues such workers face with in working with...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article examined the nature of face as a socio-psycho-linguistic concept through the examination of its varying conceptualizations and components in three different cultures: Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American.
Abstract: This paper delved into the nature of face as a socio-psycho-linguistic concept through the examination of its varying conceptualizations and components in three different cultures: Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American. The points of investigation are as follows: (1) semantic fields of the terms which signify ‘face’ in the Chinese, Japanese, and English languages, (2) cultures, social behaviors, and social systems of the three peoples, (3) differences between face and other similar concepts, such as prestige and honor, (4) comparative weights of attributes comprising face, such as formal position, personal reputation, conformity, and integrity of social being, which may vary significantly according to culture.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This article reviewed research in this area and offers guidelines and advice as to how teachers can use storytelling to optimum advantage in science, which can enliven teaching and improve pupils' learning.
Abstract: Many secondary science teachers face difficulties inspiring their classes. The use of stories can enliven teaching and improve pupils' learning. This article reviews research in this area and offers guidelines and advice as to how teachers can use storytelling to optimum advantage in science.

Book ChapterDOI
30 Aug 2004
TL;DR: A model of teachers selecting corrective feedback based on the politeness notion of face is presented and it is demonstrated how it can be used to relate cognitive and affective scaffolding and to model the selection of teaching strategies given specific contexts.
Abstract: Providing students with cognitive and affective support is generally recognised as important to their successful learning. There is an intuitive recognition of the two types of support being related, but little research explains how such a relationship may be manifested in teaching strategies, or what conditions tutors’ strategic choices in relation to those two types of support. Research on politeness provides plausible answers to those questions. In this paper we present a model of teachers selecting corrective feedback based on the politeness notion of face. We adapt the existing definition of face to the educational genre and we demonstrate how it can be used to relate cognitive and affective scaffolding and to model the selection of teaching strategies given specific contexts.

Book ChapterDOI
14 Jul 2004
TL;DR: A simple language generation model for choosing the appropriate surface realisations of tutoring responses based on the politeness notion of face is presented and it is demonstrated how a politeness driven NLG system may result in a more natural and a more varied form of linguistic output.
Abstract: One of the main objectives of research in Natural Language generation (NLG) is to account for linguistic variation in a systematic way. Research on linguistic politeness provides important clues as to the possible causes of linguistic variation and the ways in which it may be modelled formally. In this paper we present a simple language generation model for choosing the appropriate surface realisations of tutoring responses based on the politeness notion of face. We adapt the existing definition of face to the demands of the educational genre and we demonstrate how a politeness driven NLG system may result in a more natural and a more varied form of linguistic output.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is afro hiphop fusion which talks about the social problems we face in life as discussed by the authors The youth are being ignored and abandoned by the community and other family members and they are not concerned with t...
Abstract: It is afro hiphop fusion which talks about the social problems we face in life. The youth are being ignored and abandoned by the community and other family members and they are not concerned with t...

01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The modern state is today under great pressure as mentioned in this paper, and many theorists seek to rethink the boundaries of the state in the face of globalization, and they call for a transformation of state from the nation to the individual.
Abstract: The modern state is today under great pressure. In the face of globalization, many theorists seek to rethink the boundaries of the state. They call for a transformation of the state from the nation ...


Book ChapterDOI
Ke Zhang1
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The authors examines the political rhetoric surrounding the allocation of funds and energies to online learning, considers the critical components of that rhetoric, and discusses the impacts on the way China adopts the new online learning technologies.
Abstract: Although little is currently known of distance education in China, especially in Western educational circles, there is a long-standing wellestablished instructional television system of distance education that has flourished in China since the 1960s (Howells, 1989). In fact, one of the world’s largest education systems is the Dianda system in China, a combined radiotelevision university system capable of enrolling upwards of 100,000 learners (Keegan, 1994). With the advent of online education, however, China must face a brave new world of innovation. This chapter examines the political rhetoric surrounding the allocation of funds and energies to online learning, considers the critical components of that rhetoric, and discusses the impacts on the way China adopts the new online learning technologies. As you read this chapter, please reflect upon the following questions:

Book
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the places in contemporary media where faces become unrecognizable, for nothing indicates the significance of the face more than the failure to recognize faces, and propose a dialectical reversal or about-face.
Abstract: The constant bombardment of the super-enlarged, computer-enhanced faces of advertising, the endless 'talking heads' of television and the ever-changing array of film stars' faces have reduced the face to a banal image. The dream of early film theorists that the 'giant severed heads' of the screen could reveal 'the soul of man' to the masses is long since dead. And yet the death of this dream opens up the possibility for a different view of the face on the screen. The aim of the book is to seize this opportunity to rethink the facial close-up in terms other than those associated with the humanist view of the face as 'mirror of the soul'. In doing so, the book proposes a dialectical reversal or about-face. It suggests that we focus our attention on the places in contemporary media where faces become unrecognisable, for nothing indicates the significance of the face more than the failure to recognize faces. Using Walter Benjamin's theory of the dialectical image as a critical tool, the book provides detailed studies of a wide range of media spectacles of faces becoming unrecognisable. It examines the mode of recognition enabled by these faces as a shock experience that can open our eyes not only to the face as a particular practice of the image, but also to the role the face plays in the politics of recognition that frame social issues such as race relations, indigenous rights, fame and immortality, gender and public office, illness and ageing Author


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, face issues under the surface can make mediation akin to negotiating a minefield, and the authors propose to help mediators map the terrain, uncovering critical face issues that can stymie the negotiation.
Abstract: Face issues under the surface can make mediation akin to negotiating a minefield. This article proposes to help mediators map the terrain, uncovering critical face issues that can stymie the negotiation. The author demonstrates how, by using face-giving techniques to diffuse uncovered face issues, mediators can help move the parties through sensitive conflicts to sustainable resolution—with egos and relationships intact.

Book
01 Jan 2004

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The body's negative relationship to the public sphere and its positive relationship to a culture of performance were also mediated by a third entity: the legibility of permanent moral character upon the face as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In two of the more influential accounts of America’s transition from eighteenth-century colony to nineteenth-century nation, the body has been identified either as antithetical to the disinterestedness of civic republicanism or as instrumental to the development of a more democratic community based upon a commondiscourse of affective experience.1 Alternatively, I propose that the body’s negative relationship to the public sphere, on the one hand, and its positive relationship to a culture of performance, on the other, were also mediated by a third entity: the legibility of permanent moral character upon the face. Postrevolutionary culture, I would like to suggest, was also characterized by the desire for a permanent, involuntary, and visible relationship between the face and moral character—what Richard Sennett has described more generally elsewhere as the ‘‘involuntary disclosure of character’’ (24)—which arose, in part, as a response to social and political anxieties generated by the fluid culture of performance that critics such as Jay Fliegelman, David Shields, and Nancy Ruttenberg so ably document. I seek here to complement recent explanations of the body’s relationship to the public in the postrevolutionary period by situating two texts— Philip Freneau’s ‘‘The Picture Gallery’’ (1788) and Hugh Henry Brackenridge’sModern Chivalry (1792–1815)—into the contemporary discourses of portraiture and physiognomy that they invoke. Following the recent work of art historians JohnBarrell,WendyBellion,Dorinda Evans, Brandon Fortune, Margaretta Lovell, and Ellen Miles, I explore how postrevolutionary American culture—its public portrait galleries, waxwork figures, prints, sculpture, profile portraits, silhouettes, and printed biographical portrait galleries—utilized the face to represent the abstract ideals of civic virtue and communicate exemplary character and thus participated in creating what Robert St. George has called a ‘‘visual national imaginary’’ (302). My analysis focuses specifically on why the rise in postrevolutionary public portraiture would be described as a political liability by Freneau in ‘‘The



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a consistent way of assessing the values of these variables across situations was established for Cypriot Greek, such that interlocutors may plausibly appeal to these dimensions rather than to any others in making decisions about politeness.
Abstract: In Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory, every speech act is potentially face-threatening to an aspect of the hearer’s or the speaker’s face. Though imminent, face-threat is present in varying degrees, represented as the seriousness or weightiness (W) of FTAx. Interlocutors calculate this using the formula Wx ¼ D(S; H)þ P(H; S) þ Rx, where D(S, H) represents the social distance between interlocutors, P(H, S) stands for the relative power of the hearer over the speaker, and Rx is the culturally and situationally specified ranking of the imposition entailed by FTAx. Picking up from previous research, which has raised several objections regarding the validity of these predictions, this paper has two objectives. First, to test whether the proposed definitions of D, P and Rx are ‘‘operationalizable’’: can a consistent way of assessing the values of these variables across situations be established for Cypriot Greek, such that interlocutors may plausibly appeal to these dimensions rather than to any others in making decisions about politeness? A second, related objective is to test the psychological plausibility of the theory: do interlocutors indeed engage in the amount of cognitive processing implied by postulating a level of assumptions about D, P and Rx which mediates between perception of the situation and politeness assessments? Tested against a corpus of spontaneous conversational data from Cypriot Greek, both assumptions appear problematic. Rather, directly linking perception of the situation to politeness assessments should be preferred on grounds of both parsimony and psychological plausibility.