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Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 2006"



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, face is viewed as a relational and an interactional, rather than an individual phenomenon, in that the social self is interactionally achieved in relationships with others, and positive and negative face are re-conceptualized in terms of the dialectical opposition between connection with others and separation from them.
Abstract: Abstract In a recent re-examination of face as related to politeness, Bargiela-Chiappini (2003: 1463) argues for examining “cultural conceptualizations of the social self and its relationship to others as an alternative and possibly more fruitful way of studying the relevance and dynamics of ‘face’ and ‘facework’ in interpersonal contacts”. One productive alternative account of the social self and hence of face draws on the well-developed tradition of theory and research on interpersonal communication. Within this framework, face is a relational and an interactional, rather than an individual phenomenon, in that the social self is interactionally achieved in relationships with others. Positive and negative face are re-conceptualized in terms of the dialectical opposition between connection with others and separation from them. This culture-general conceptualization is interpreted in research using the culture-specific construal of this relational dialectic in the cultural group under study. Framing face as both relational and interactional permits an integrated account of the full scope of human facework from outright threat, through both addressing face without changing it and balancing threat with support, to outright face support.

359 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is common for scholars interested in race and poverty to invoke a lack of access to job networks as one of the reasons that African Americans and Hispanics face difficulties in the labor market as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: It is common for scholars interested in race and poverty to invoke a lack of access to job networks as one of the reasons that African Americans and Hispanics face difficulties in the labor market....

303 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed Chinese learners' intercultural experiences in Chinese and British educational contexts and revealed a change process in the learners, affected by a range of inter-related personal, cultural, social, psychological and contextual factors.
Abstract: From a comparative perspective, this paper analyses Chinese learners' intercultural experiences in Chinese and British educational contexts. In the Chinese context, interview and questionnaire research was carried out in 24 universities that hosted the British Council's English teaching development programmes. The research uncovered perspectives on change in the Chinese teachers, who were the learners in this teacher training programme. In the UK, a current study is probing into the challenges Chinese learners face in adapting to the British higher education teaching and learning culture. Early results reveal a change process in the learners, affected by a range of inter-related personal, cultural, social, psychological and contextual factors. Research literature on the links between the Chinese cultural context and Chinese learning styles has provided an important basis for understanding the interface between Chinese learners and Western modes of education. However, in comparing the perspectives of Chine...

164 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the linguistic strategies employed by monolingual native speakers (NSs) of Mexican Spanish of one community in Mexico in refusal interactions in formal/informal situations were investigated.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed three empirical studies related to the Chinese concept of face to provide examples of the indigenous approach of Chinese psychology and found that college students feel that they "have face" most when they do well in their academic performance, followed by being morally upright.
Abstract: Three empirical studies related to the Chinese concept of face are reviewed to provide examples of the indigenous approach of Chinese psychology. Using the technique of paired comparison, the first study indicated that college students (who are preparing to enter the job market) feel that they “have face” most when they do well in their academic performance, followed by being morally upright. Retirees (who have withdrawn from the workplace) feel that they “have face” most when their children are morally upright and successful in their careers. The second study (on patterns of emotional reactions of related others to an agent's social and moral incidents) showed, first, that incidents of positive achievement were generally evaluated by college students as being experienced with a more intense feeling of having face than were incidents of positive morality, while incidents of negative morality were experienced with a more intense feeling of “having no face” than were incidents of negative achievement. Secon...

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When the idea of "citizen" came into view, and was linked to the materialization and formation of the nation-state in secular north Europe, it enforced the formation of communities of birth instead of Communities of faith as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: When the idea of "citizenship" came into view-and was linked to the materialization and formation of the nation-state in secular north Europe-it enforced the formation of communities of birth instead of communities of faith. But at that time, the imperial and colonial differences were already in place, and both were recast in the new face of Western empires. The figure of the "citizen" presupposed an idea of the "human" that had already been formed during the Renaissance and was one of the constitutive elements of the colonial

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines speech-style shifts in academic consultation sessions between professors and students in Japanese universities and demonstrates that politeness is an interactional achievement, and reanalyzes what was previously described as a display of 'discernment' as an active co-construction in which the grammatical structures and the sequential organization of talk serve as resources for the participants to construct their identities in the moment-by-moment unfolding of interaction.
Abstract: From a social constructionist perspective, this paper examines speech-style shifts in academic consultation sessions between professors and students in Japanese universities and demonstrates that politeness is an interactional achievement. It has been argued that politeness in Japanese society is predominantly 'discernment (wakimae)', which differs from 'volition (i. e., strategic politeness based on face needs)' as proposed by Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987). This paper attempts to demonstrate that the dichotomy between the two types of politeness - 'discernment' and 'volition' - is irrelevant. It reanalyzes what was previously described as a display of'discernment' as an active co-construction in which the grammatical structures and the sequential organization of talk serve as resources for the participants to construct their identities in the moment-by-moment unfolding of interaction.

79 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The book as discussed by the authors represents Keller's effort to take seriously Genesis's claim that creation is not creatio ex nihilo (creation out of nothing) but createio ex profundis (created out of the deep waters, creation as the germinating abyss), which is in contrast to the tendency in western theology to emphasise the creative and omnipotent Word which is, in a sense, spoken against creation with a view to taming and ordering its chaos.
Abstract: The book represents Keller’s effort to take seriously Genesis’s claim that creation is not creatio ex nihilo (creation out of nothing) but creatio ex profundis (creation out of the deep waters, creation as the germinating abyss). She sees this in stark contrast to the tendency in western theology to emphasise the creative and omnipotent Word which is, in a sense, spoken against creation with a view to taming and ordering its chaos. She writes:

75 citations



01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The authors analyzed Chinese learners' intercultural experiences in Chinese and British educational contexts and found that factors other than culture alone also influence the adaptation that takes place as part of the learning process, such as professional identities and motivations of the teachers and learners, the context where teaching and learning take place, and the power relationships between them.
Abstract: From a comparative perspective, this paper analyses Chinese learners’ intercultural experiences in Chinese and British educational contexts. In the Chinese context, interview and questionnaire research was carried out in 24 universities that hosted the British Council’s English teaching development programmes. The research uncovered perspectives on change in the Chinese teachers, who were the learners in this teacher training programme. In the UK, a current study is probing into the challenges Chinese learners face in adapting to the British higher education teaching and learning culture. Early results reveal a change process in the learners, affected by a range of inter-related personal, cultural, social, psychological and contextual factors. Research literature on the links between the Chinese cultural context and Chinese learning styles has provided an important basis for understanding the interface between Chinese learners and Western modes of education. However, in comparing the perspectives of Chinese learners in two contrasting educational and cultural contexts, this paper highlights how factors other than culture alone also influence the adaptation that takes place as part of the learning process. Factors such as the professional identities and motivations of the teachers and learners, the context where teaching and learning take place, and the power relationships between them are shown to be significant issues in the strategic adaptations made by Chinese learners.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the practicalities of doing social research and discuss physical risk, visible or invisible, that can be encountered during fieldwork and highlights other conceptual issues that are necessary for postgraduate students as first-timers or naïve researchers to consider.
Abstract: This paper discusses the practicalities of doing social research. It draws on the author’s field experiences in four African countries during postgraduate training. It discusses physical risk, visible or invisible, that can be encountered during fieldwork and highlights other conceptual issues that are necessary for postgraduate students as first‐timers or ‘naive’ researchers to consider. The reason(s) for doing this is to demonstrate a reflexive stance, i.e. the relationship between the theory and practice of qualitative research. The discussion thus offers an insight into what new researchers are likely to face when undertaking fieldwork abroad and issues that can act as a deterrent to the researcher as ‘novice’ or ‘naive’.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss some of the methodological problems that field researchers will face when conducting research on the field, especially in intercultural work contexts, such as the choice of methodology/s, confidentiality, the nature of the involvement of the researcher, making use of multi-method approaches, the comparability of analytical categories across different languages and culture.
Abstract: In this article we will attempt to address some of the issues that arise in researching politeness in the workplace, especially, though not exclusively, in the context of multicultural and multilingual encounters. We propose to look at debates around the nature of politeness and their relevance for research in work settings and to discuss the contribution made to these debates by analyses of politeness in the workplace. Finally, we will discuss some of the methodological problems that field researchers will face when conducting research on the field, especially in intercultural work contexts. These will include, for example, issues such as the choice of methodology/s, confidentiality, the nature of the involvement of the researcher, making use of multi-method approaches, the comparability of analytical categories across different languages and culture. Finally, we suggest, very briefly, some directions for further research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the social, political and historical contexts that produce and reproduce the conditions within which some linguistic resources have less currency than others are identified and discussed. But this research does not always attend to the micro level of linguistic interactions, as linguistic minority speakers negotiate their way through a majority language world.
Abstract: Research in multilingual societies often attends to the micro level of linguistic interactions, as linguistic minority speakers negotiate their way through a majoritylanguage world. However, this research does not always engage with the social, political and historical contexts that produce and reproduce the conditions within which some linguistic resources have less currency than others. Methodological approaches must be able to make visible those hegemonic discourses that construct discriminatory language ideologies. In multilingual states those who either refuse, or are unable to conform to the dominant ideology are marginalised, denied access to symbolic resources and, often, excluded. A good deal of research has identified the difficulties that linguistic minorities can face in gaining entry to domains of power. Rather less research has identified the ways in which such domains are constructed, and their borders reinforced. Too little is still known about the countless acts of recognition and misreco...

Book
07 Mar 2006
TL;DR: For instance, as I lay in bed the other night, cradling some seltzer water, my stomach gurgling, the word for my malaise suddenly came to me: "afflufemza," wherein the problems of affluence are recast as the struggles of feminism, and you find yourself in a dreamlike state of reading firstperson essays about it, over and over again this paper.
Abstract: ore and more these days, reading women’s writing fills me with a vague, creeping, slightly nauseating feeling. Lying in bed the other night, cradling some seltzer water, my stomach gurgling, the word for my malaise suddenly came to me: “afflufemza,” wherein the problems of affluence are recast as the struggles of feminism, and you find yourself in a dreamlike state of reading firstperson essays about it, over and over again. We’ve always had rich mothers, of course; it’s just that the boundaries between the privileged and the unused to be clearer. Back in the eighties, for instance, I was among the many couch, or at least futon, potatoes who used to love Dynasty—the Mothra-versus-Godzilla grapplings of the Carringtons and the Colbys, of Joan Collins’s deliciously nasty Alexis and Linda Evans’s nurturing, oddly affectless Krystle. Alexis was the Execu-Bitch; Krystle, the Saintly Wife. It was the eternal female ur-struggle, ever campy, ever watchable, ever conveniently framed for us—out there in the distance—by that swoopily hammy Bill Conti score, those soaring trumpets, those glittering Denver skyscrapers.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed a corpus of compliment responses in Turkish according to the conversational maxim approach (Leech 1983, 2003) and the face-management approach (Brown and Levinson 1987) with a view to extending the conceptualisation of self-presentation in theorising on politeness.
Abstract: This paper analyses a corpus of compliment responses in Turkish according to the conversational maxim approach (Leech 1983, 2003) and the face-management approach (Brown and Levinson 1987) with a view to extending the conceptualisation of self-presentation in theorising on politeness. It observes that the two theories ground politeness on consideration for alter and give precedence to politeness in the sense of displaying deference and solidarity at the expense of self-politeness, described in the present study as speaker need for display of competence, self-confidence, and individuality in interaction, besides the need for non-imposition. Regarding the maxim approach, the paper argues that conversational implicatures triggered by a variety of responses ultimately tie to the Tact Maxim and more specifically to the Sympathy Maxim in the Turkish context. The analysis reveals that compliment responses may override the Politeness Principle, that self-presentational concerns are crucial motivating factors, and that face concerns need to be incorporated into the model. From the perspective of the face-management approach, the study supports the claim in O’Driscoll (1996) and Spencer-Oatey (2000) that the notions of positive and negative face as need for community and autonomy need to be disentangled from the theory’s conceptualisation of face as public self-image. With the incorporation of a number of self-politeness strategies, the face-theoretic analysis builds on this distinction and integrates it with the concept of interactional imbalance by extending an analytic framework adapted from Bayraktaroglu (1991). The paper concludes with suggestions on how the two theories may complement each other.

Journal Article
TL;DR: War gaming is a distinct and historically significant tool that warriors have used over the centuries to help them understand war in general and the nature of specific upcoming operations, and the importance of war gaming demands serious examination of thenature of the knowledge it produces.
Abstract: : Anyone who has conducted or has studied actual warfare knows well its massive complexities These complexities do not relieve humans from the responsibility for making decisions--difficult decisions--aimed at navigating their organizations successfully through campaigns, be they in a theater of war or in the halls of the Pentagon Minds must be prepared beforehand, both in their general, educated functioning and in the specific, sophisticated understanding of conflict and the competitive environments they face This preparation must be predicated on the internalization of "valid" knowledge about the conflict environment There are many ways of gaining such knowledge: the study of history and theory, practical experience, and exposure to the results of various kinds of research and analysis Each of these methods of developing knowledge has its own particular epistemology--formally, a "theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge, especially with reference to its limits and validity," or more practically, rules by which error is distinguished from truth War gaming is a distinct and historically significant tool that warriors have used over the centuries to help them understand war in general and the nature of specific upcoming operations The importance of war gaming demands serious examination of the nature of the knowledge it produces

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the work of Emmanuel Levinas provides an ethics suitable for an STS(E) science education, where the goal of pedagogy is peace with each other and the world through the rupture, eros and justice that arises from openness to the demands of the world.
Abstract: Despite claims that STS(E) science education promotes ethical responsibility, this approach is not supported by a clear philosophy of ethics. This paper argues that the work of Emmanuel Levinas provides an ethics suitable for an STS(E) science education. His concept of the face of the Other redefines education as learning from the other, rather than about the other. Extrapolating the face of the Other to the non‐human world suggests an ethics for science education where the goal of pedagogy is peace with each other and the world through the rupture, eros and justice that arises from openness to the demands of the world. Understanding the infinite responsibility of the invocation presented by the face of the Other radically reconceptualizes science education from STS(E) towards an E‐STS curriculum of responsiveness that critically employs the said of modern science and opportunities of experience to enable the next generation of citizens to act in peace to what the world is saying.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Only via a hermeneutic logic of words, which begins from recognition that words get their meaning from the open space of living conversation, can critical judgement be defended in the face of the authority of science and technology.
Abstract: Understanding is a ‘language event’ founded upon a ‘silent agreement’ between participants in a conversation. This silent agreement, built up of conversational aspects held in common, is what makes social solidarity possible and shows that the methods of science are an inappropriate starting point for our self-understanding. However, with the advent of industrial technical civilization, the question arises whether understanding has come under the control of a centrally steered communication system where language is a consciously wielded instrument of politics with a corresponding loss of free insight and critical judgement. Only via a hermeneutic logic of words, which begins from recognition that words get their meaning from the open space of living conversation, can critical judgement be defended in the face of the authority of science and technology.

01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: This paper found evidence for the warranted assertion that classroom practices will be enhanced by awareness of how non-linguistic modalities of the face, hands and vocal intonation contribute to cohesive and cooperative strategies within social groups.
Abstract: This study provides evidence for the warranted assertion that classroom practices will be enhanced by awareness of how non-linguistic modalities of the face, hands and vocal intonation contribute to cohesive and cooperative strategies within social groups


Book Chapter
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The main purpose of as discussed by the authors is to consider some current issues in the study of linguistic politeness and its relation to the notions of face and facework, which have received a myriad of different definitions in pragmatics and sociolinguistics during the last decades.
Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to consider some current issues in the study of linguistic politeness and its relation to the notions of face and facework. These notions have received a myriad of different definitions in pragmatics and sociolinguistics during the last decades. On the basis of the examination of some definitions, it is concluded that the notions of politeness and face should not be equated. In addition, it is stated that the commonsense and the theoretical notions of politeness should be distinguished. The paper also briefly discusses the relationship between epistemic meanings and meanings, related to facework.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of conflict management from a face concern approach is presented, where various definitions on conflict and types of conflict are discussed and the use of various conflict management styles in individualist and collectivist cultures.
Abstract: This study presents a review of conflict management from a face concern approach. It presents the various definitions on conflict and types of conflict. It further looks at how face negotiation theory explains the use of various conflict management styles in individualist and collectivist cultures. In addition, it provides some insight into conflict management from a Malaysian perspective.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ian Shapiro1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the most interesting normative questions about power are best thought of as questions of institutional design geared to preventing domination without interfering with the legitimate exercise of power.
Abstract: In this article I argue for two propositions. The first is that Lukes has established the possibility of power's third face, but that the most interesting social science questions about it are empirical: How often does it operate and under what conditions? These are topics for empirical research, not armchair reflection. The second proposition I defend is that the most interesting normative questions about power are best thought of as questions of institutional design geared to preventing domination without interfering with the legitimate exercise of power. Examples in support of both propositions are supplied.

Book
14 Nov 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the author presents a controversial argument for America's assistance in helping China to become an economic superpower in order to safeguard peace and the financial success of both nations, explaining how American interests can be best served if China is supported with economysupporting agendas rather than protectionist and Cold-War policies.
Abstract: Presents a controversial argument for America's assistance in helping China to become an economic superpower in order to safeguard peace and the financial success of both nations, explaining how American interests can be best served if China is supported with economysupporting agendas rather than protectionist and Cold-War policies. By the author of A Declaration of Independence. 50,000 first printing.... Download ebook, read file pdf Why We Must Embrace China as a Partner Or Face It as an Enemy

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined national culture differences between US American and Chinese participants regarding face need concerns and apology intention, based on positive and negative face needs (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and concerns for self-face and other-face (Ting-Toomey, 2005).
Abstract: The current study examined national culture differences between US American and Chinese participants (N = 317) regarding face need concerns and apology intention, based on positive and negative face needs (Brown & Levinson, 1987) and concerns for self-face and other-face (Ting-Toomey, 2005). Participants read vignettes that varied in relationship types (in-group vs. out-group members) and situation types (negative face vs. positive face threatening) and responded to scales measuring realism of the vignettes, intention to apologize, and five types of face need concerns. The findings showed that Chinese participants, compared to US Americans, had stronger intentions to apologize when their acts threatened the other person's positive face, while US American participants, compared to Chinese, had stronger intentions to apologize when their acts threatened the other's negative face. Other findings and implications thereof are discussed.

BookDOI
16 Nov 2006
TL;DR: The authors argued that life on Earth is in jeopardy owing to the behavior of one species, the only species that is either scientific or religious, and that the species claiming privilege as the "wise species," Homo sapiens.
Abstract: BOTH science and religion are challenged by the environmental crisis, both to reevaluate the natural world and to reevaluate their dialogue with each other. Both are thrown into researching fundamental theory and practice in the face of an upheaval unprecedented in human history, indeed in planetary history. Life on Earth is in jeopardy owing to the behavior of one species, the only species that is either scientific or religious, the only species claiming privilege as the "wise species," Homo sapiens. Nature and the human relation to nature must be evaluated within cultures, classically by their religions, currently also by the sciences so eminent in Western culture. Ample numbers of theologians and ethicists have become persuaded that religion needs to pay more attention to ecology, and many ecologists recognize religious dimensions to caring for nature and to addressing the ecological crisis. Somewhat ironically, just when humans, with their increasing industry and technology, seemed further and further from nature, having more knowledge about natural processes and more power to manage them, just when humans were more and more rebuilding their environments, thinking perhaps to escape nature, the natural world has emerged as a focus of concern. Nature remains the milieu of

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is asserted that it is indeed possible, practical, and desirable for us to apply common methods to the authors' common problems, and specific recommendations are proposed.
Abstract: Compilers of corpora that document regional and social languages and varieties of languages have different needs and goals, and yet we also face common problems, and we should have an interest in collaboration. In this paper, we set forth our intention to begin such a collaboration. We begin by exploring the parameters of our various corpora. We then explore issues of access and analysis, whether public or private, whether for general audiences or for specialists. Finally, we assert that it is indeed possible, practical, and desirable for us to apply common methods to our common problems, and we propose specific recommendations.