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Showing papers on "Face (sociological concept) published in 2015"


Book
04 Jul 2015

1,845 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A vision of the future directions in the field of human facial communication within and across cultures is provided, which combines state-of-the-art computer graphics, psychophysics and vision science, cultural psychology and social cognition, and the main knowledge advances it has generated are highlighted.

235 citations


01 Jan 2015
TL;DR: In a subsequent study, the authors found that the mere thought of being that close to a politician made my mother-in-law "sick to her stomach" and she turned her head away from the television in disgust.
Abstract: It was March 2003 and my motherinlaw was visiting from Berkeley. I was watching George W. Bush speak to the nation about the impending war with Iraq. As she walked into the room, she turned her head away from the television in disgust. “Aach!” she exclaimed, “I can’t bear to have that man in my face. It makes me sick to my stomach!” Of course, the president was not actually in her face, he was speaking to us from Washington, D.C. But as I watched, the images to a significant extent bore out her impression. For the next twenty minutes, I viewed George Bush from a far more intimate, closeup visual perspective than I had viewed my own family across the dinner table. His face often filled the entire television frame, so much so that the top of his head was cut off. To obtain the same visual perspective in person, my motherinlaw would need to be either his lover or his dentist. Given her politics, the mere thought of being that close probably did make her sick to her stomach. While I initially had considered her statement a display of political histrionics, when viewed from this perspective it seemed far more plausible that she might have such a visceral reaction. Television gives us a unique visual perspective on other human beings, one that is far more intimate than we are accustomed to having with strangers in everyday life. But I had not previously thought about the consequences this might have for how we react to politicians and politics. As a film student in college, I learned to use the closeup camera shot to create a sense of emotional intensity in films: but do we really want that kind of intimacy with our politicians? In facetoface social contexts, there are strong social norms guiding © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher.

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the similarities and differences between the LMX theory, which owes its origins to Western corporate experience, and the social and moral norms of guanxi, a crucial element in the Chinese value system.
Abstract: The leader–member relationship has been identified as a key determinant of successful working relationships and business outcomes in China. A high-quality leader–member relationship helps managers and employees to meet the demands they face and gives them the opportunity to develop socially, emotionally and morally. Such relationships form the basis of the overall well-being and success of the organisation. This article contributes to relationally oriented leadership theories and more specifically to the leader–member exchange (LMX) theory by examining the theory in the context of Western expatriate managers and Chinese employees in China. The first aim of the study is to analyse the similarities and differences between the LMX theory, which owes its origins to Western corporate experience, and the social and moral norms of guanxi, a crucial element in the Chinese value system. Since Westerners and Chinese people can give different interpretations to guanxi, the second aim of the article is to discuss the ethical challenges to the Western manager arising from guanxi. The findings of this study have implications not only for China, but also for other Chinese communities (Macau, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines and Singapore) where guanxi is endorsed and practised.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results revealed that face consciousness was positively related to Chinese consumers' status consumption and showed that the effects of face consciousness on status consumption were partly mediated by consumer social value.
Abstract: Chinese consumers are interested in status consumption, i.e., in striving to enhance their social standings through the consumption of luxury products. This study investigates how face consciousness, one's social self-esteem, and desire to be respected influences status consumption behavior in China. The Consciousness of Social Face Scale, the Social Value Scale, and the Status Consumption Scale were administered to 192 MBA students from a university in east China (117 men, 69 women, 6 unreported sex). The results revealed that face consciousness was positively related to Chinese consumers' status consumption. Moreover, the results showed that the effects of face consciousness on status consumption were partly mediated by consumer social value. The findings highlight the importance of face consciousness in understanding Chinese consumer behaviors.

55 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors offer the challenges faced by doctoral students and junior faculty in management research, teaching theory and theory building, along with methods for reading and teaching theory, and explore and evaluate theory.
Abstract: The article offers the authors' insight on the challenges face by doctoral students and junior faculty in management research, teaching theory and theory building, along with methods for reading and teaching theory and theory building. Topics discussed include a study on the use of syllabi in doctoral classes, the learning activities for theory and theory building, and exploring and evaluating theory

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
31 Dec 2015-Mbio
TL;DR: There are a variety of approaches that scientists can take to become active in science communication and recent research indicates that public communication by scientists is not a niche activity but is widely done and can be beneficial to a scientist's career.
Abstract: Scientists must communicate about science with public audiences to promote an understanding of complex issues that we face in our technologically advanced society. Some scientists may be concerned about a social stigma or "Sagan effect" associated with participating in public communication. Recent research in the social sciences indicates that public communication by scientists is not a niche activity but is widely done and can be beneficial to a scientist's career. There are a variety of approaches that scientists can take to become active in science communication.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hwang et al. as mentioned in this paper constructed culture-inclusive theories of Confucianism by multiple philosophical paradigms, which can be applied to explain qualitative research findings on lifeworld events of people in a particular society.
Abstract: In view of the fact that culture-inclusive psychology has been eluded or relatively ignored by mainstream psychology, the movement of indigenous psychology is destined to develop a new model of man that incorporates both causal psychology and intentional psychology as suggested by Vygotsky (1927). Following the principle of cultural psychology: “one mind, many mentalities” (Shweder et al., 1998), the Mandala Model of Self (Hwang, 2011a,b) and Face and Favor Model (Hwang, 1987, 2012) were constructed to represent the universal mechanisms of self and social interaction that can be applied to any culture; both models can be used as conceptual frameworks for analyzing mentalities of people in any given culture. Taking research works from Foundations of Chinese Psychology: Confucian Social Relation as exemplars (Hwang, 2012), this article illustrates how to construct cultureinclusive theories of Confucianism by multiple philosophical paradigms. The mechanism of culture-inclusive theory can be applied to explain qualitative research findings on lifeworld events of people in a particular society. It can also be utilized to predict results of quantitative research conducted to verify theoretical propositions in the scientific microworld by empirical methods.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most employees personalize their workspaces with photos, memorabilia, and other items even in the face of constraints such as rules prohibiting personalization as discussed by the authors. But this prevalent use of objects likely...
Abstract: Most employees personalize their workspaces with photos, memorabilia, and other items—even in the face of constraints such as rules prohibiting personalization. This prevalent use of objects likely...

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Locher and Graham as mentioned in this paper reviewed literature on politeness, impoliteness and relational work in the context of computer-mediated communication and established the connections between politeness and face and linguistic identity construction.
Abstract: This paper functions as the introduction to the special issue on ‘relational work in Facebook and discussion boards’. We position our research endeavors within interpersonal pragmatics (see Locher and Graham 2010), by reviewing literature on politeness, impoliteness and relational work in the context of computer-mediated communication. Foregrounding the relational aspect of language, we are particularly interested in establishing the connections between politeness, face and linguistic identity construction. We then position the four papers that form this special issue within this field of research. Two papers contribute to the study of relational work on discussion boards (Kleinke and Boes; Haugh, Chang and Kadar) and two deal with practices on Facebook (Theodoropoulou; Bolander and Locher).

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper found that the "face" concept underlies the touring experiences of Chinese corporate travelers and emphasized the need to pay appropriate respect to one's superiors, maintain relationships through gift-giving, and participate in social networking to establish and maintain positive relationships.
Abstract: Corporate travel is a growing segment within the Chinese tourism market, yet despite the widespread belief that cultural values influence behavior, little research has examined the touring experiences of Mainland Chinese corporate travelers. This study, based on participant observations of 12 corporate group package tours, suggests that the “face” concept underlies the touring experiences of Chinese corporate travelers. The travelers emphasized the need to pay appropriate respect to one’s superiors, maintain relationships through gift-giving, and participate in social networking to establish and maintain positive relationships. Implications for tourism scholars and planners are provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article explored the emotional responses to higher education of students with dependent children, and drew on 68 in-depth interviews conducted with student-parents in universities in the UK and Denmark, and found that emotional responses are spatially differentiated, and mediated by national policies and norms as well as the social characteristics of students.
Abstract: This article explores the emotional responses to higher education of students with dependent children, and draws on 68 in-depth interviews conducted with student-parents in universities in the UK and Denmark. By focussing on one specific emotion—guilt—it contends that emotions are important in helping to understand the way in which particular groups of students engage with education, and the barriers they often face. Moreover, by considering four different higher education contexts (across two European nations), it suggests that emotional responses are spatially differentiated, and mediated by national policies and norms as well as the social characteristics of students.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a recent article in the Science & Society section of this journal, Olivola and colleagues delivered a powerful argument about fighting the phenomenon that they called ‘face-ism’.

Book
11 Nov 2015
TL;DR: Whose feminism? the early years identity problems - a history of the histories politics and patchwork campaigns war years Denman College feminism and flower arranging as discussed by the authors and the early 1970s identity problems.
Abstract: Whose feminism? the early years identity problems - a history of the histories politics and patchwork campaigns war years Denman College feminism and flower arranging.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the aim of eGovernment projects is to connect with citizens, which is the goal of almost all e-government projects. But governments face multiple challenges in their pursuit of reaching out to their diverse citizenry spread ac...
Abstract: Connecting with citizens is invariably the aim of almost all e-government projects. Still, governments face multiple challenges in their pursuit of reaching out to their diverse citizenry spread ac...

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Feb 2015
TL;DR: This paper examined the conventional linguistic practices involved in everyday hospitality situations in Arabic and English and found that while there are similarities in offering behaviour in both English and Arabic, in Arabic, the interactional moves of insisting and refusing are slightly more conventionalized.
Abstract: This paper examines the conventional linguistic practices involved in everyday hospitality situations. We compare offers in Arabic and English and, rather than focusing on the differences between the ways interactants in these two cultures make offers, we challenge the notion that offering is in essence differently handled in the two languages. We argue instead that we should focus just as much on the similarities between the ways offers are made, since no two cultural/linguistic groups are diametrically opposed. Furthermore, no cultural or linguistic group can be argued to be homogeneous. Through a detailed analysis of four naturally occurring hospitality encounters, we explore the nature and sequencing of offering and receiving hospitality in each cultural community and discuss the extent to which offers and refusals are conventionalized in each language. In this way we hope to develop a more contextual discursive approach to cross-cultural politeness research. Drawing on Spencer-Oatey's notion of sociality face, we examine the conventions for being hospitable in order to appear sincere. A qualitative analysis of the data reveals that, while there are similarities in offering behaviour in both English and Arabic, in Arabic, the interactional moves of insisting and refusing are slightly more conventionalized. This however does not constitute a radical difference between the offering norms of these two cultural groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
Sandy To1
TL;DR: In an era of individualization, Chinese individuals often have to face the challenge of balancing their personal choices with their filial obligations as discussed by the authors, while a host of "filial strategies" are well-known.
Abstract: In an era of individualization, Chinese individuals often have to face the challenge of balancing their personal choices with their filial obligations. While a host of “filial strategies” are well-...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper argued that an approach encompassing participant understandings of politeness is a more appropriate starting point for raising sociopragmatic awareness about im/politeness across languages and cultures, and advocated an interactional approach whereby raising pragmalinguistic awareness about the interactional achievement of particular meanings and actions in interaction is combined with raising socragmatic aware about what underlies evaluations of those meaning and actions as im/polite.
Abstract: oliteness is an important aspect of communication, particularly across cultures where misunderstandings can have very negative relational consequences. Yet while various approaches to politeness in the context of second language learning have been developed, such approaches have either been largely atheoretical in their conceptualisation of politeness or have employed models that do not adequately capture participant understandings of politeness across cultures. In this paper, it is argued that an approach encompassing participant understandings of politeness is a more appropriate starting point for raising sociopragmatic awareness about im/politeness across languages and cultures. An interactional approach whereby raising pragmalinguistic awareness about the interactional achievement of particular meanings and actions in interaction is combined with raising sociopragmatic awareness about what underlies evaluations of those meanings and actions as im/polite is advocated. It is argued that raising sociopragmatic awareness in this way provides learners with the means to analyse differences between the politeness systems of their first and second languages, thereby allowing them to make more informed choices in regards to both constituting their L2 identities as well as their relationships with others.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated the effect of face logic endorsement on creativity and proposed face as a possible new explanation for cross-cultural differences in creativity and found that participants who endorsed the cultural logic of face were less creative than those less endorsing this logic.
Abstract: Summary Creativity is universally valued and desired. Yet, people are often reluctant to engage in creativity out of fear of being dismissed by others and losing face—the positive social image that individuals want to maintain in the presence of others. This paper investigates the effect of face logic endorsement on creativity and proposes face as a possible new explanation for cross-cultural differences in creativity. In three studies using different creativity tasks and with participants from Japan, Israel, and the United States, participants who endorsed the cultural logic of face were less creative than those less endorsing this logic. Face logic endorsement mediated the effect of culture on the novelty and fluency dimensions of creativity (Study 1). Furthermore, social-image affirmation moderated the effects of culture and face logic endorsement on creativity. When individuals' social image was affirmed, cultural differences in creativity were weakened (Study 2), and the within-culture association between face logic endorsement and creativity disappeared (Study 3). We discuss the theoretical and practical implications for fostering creativity in different cultures and in multicultural settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In an East Asian context heavily influenced by Confucian ideas on principles for living and behaving, "face" plays a significant role in Vietnamese people's thinking and behaviour as mentioned in this paper and teachers are believed to save face by upholding the belief that they represent an unquestionable source of knowledge, maintaining a "noble distant image" in relations with their students, and receiving respectful behaviours from their students.
Abstract: In an East Asian context heavily influenced by Confucian ideas on principles for living and behaving, ‘face’ plays a significant role in Vietnamese people’s thinking and behaviour. In the context of education, Vietnamese teachers’ concerns of saving face in classrooms have been implicitly taken for granted but not yet seriously examined in academic research. The paper addresses this gap in the research literature by presenting the results of interviews with 15 lecturers in a Vietnamese Teacher Training College. It is argued that the concepts of face and saving face are significant to the participants and their ideas of saving face are largely influenced by traditional Confucian standards in education. In particular, teachers are believed to save face by upholding the belief that they represent an unquestionable source of knowledge, maintaining a ‘noble distant image’ in relations with their students, and receiving respectful behaviours from their students. These beliefs could be one source of resistance t...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the gains and losses of face as perceived by Chinese government officials during a three-week delegation visit to the United States of America were explored, where participants reflected on the day's events.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Through the analysis of conversational interaction and clinical notes, this article develops conceptual linkages between the Goffmanian concept of face and the psychoanalytic and psychiatric understandings of narcissism.
Abstract: Through the analysis of conversational interaction and clinical notes, this article develops conceptual linkages between the Goffmanian concept of face and the psychoanalytic and psychiatric understandings of narcissism. Self-cathexis--the investment of libidinal emotion to the image of self--is a key issue both for Goffman and in psychoanalytic studies of narcissism. For Goffman, the self and its cathexis are inherently fragile interactional achievements, whereas for psychoanalysts such as Kernberg and Kohut, they are relatively stable intrapsychic structures. An application of Goffman's theory to narcissistic personality disorders suggests that pathological narcissism involves the isolation of the person's self-image from interactional. practices and a consequent inability to benefit from face work in ordinary social encounters. Clinical experience suggests revisions to the theory of face work: there is a biographical continuity in a person's experience of face, and successful participation in face work is made possible by the psychic capacity of playful orientation to one's own and others' narcissistic illusions. Such playful orientation is manifested through the interactional practices of role distancing.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the influence of sociocultural factors on Chinese Olympic sport psychology services, which enabled Chinese sport psychology consultants to provide a culturally competent service (e.g., prioritizing collective interests, respecting the authority of administrative officials and coaches, and keeping face with others) for the Beijing Olympic Games.

Dissertation
30 Jan 2015
TL;DR: Dyer et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the social context of the Epistle to the Hebrews and found that the author is responding to the reality of suffering in the lives of his audience.
Abstract: "Suffering in the Face of Death: The Social Context of the Epistle to the Hebrews" Bryan R. Dyer McMaster Divinity College Hamilton, Ontario Doctor ofPhilosophy (Christian Theology), 2015 The topics of suffering and death appear throughout the Epistle to the Hebrews but have rarely been examined in New Testament scholarship. This study offers a thorough investigation of each reference to these topics in the epistle using semantic domain analysis. Incorporating the work of linguist M.A.K. Halliday, it then attempts to connect these topics to the social situation addressed by the author of Hebrews. It is determined that the author is responding to the reality of suffering in the lives of his audience. This is closely connected to a perceived threat or fear of death on the part of the probable recipients. With this social context in place, this study examines how the author responds to this situation by creating models of endurance in suffering and death. The author establishes these exemplars in order to motivate his audience toward similar endurance within their own social context.

Proceedings Article
01 Jun 2015
TL;DR: Using the FiveFactor personality model as an interpretive framework, it was confirmed that the correlations between traits and behaviors were specific to game areas that carry different situational affordances, and were enhanced by inclusion of the facets.
Abstract: Video games are now acknowledged as a prominent part of popular culture and played by an audience wider and more varied than ever before. Considerable recent research shows that people engage with games differently, and these variations may be attributable to individual differences. Understanding the impact of personality on behavior in games has several benefits: more inclusive design practices, accurate user models for adaptive applications and articulated toolsets to segment players for game user research. Nonetheless the work done so far to explore the interplay between personality and behavior in virtual environments does not always account for personality at a granular level, nor does it take into consideration the different contexts of the environment beyond pooling variables together. We hypothesize, first, that by considering the individual facets that compose broad personality traits we will be able to identify stronger links between them and gameplay behavior. Second, we expect that dividing the game environment into its component areas with different situational affordances will also improve correlations, as behavior modulation by personality is highly context-dependent. Using the FiveFactor personality model as an interpretive framework, we confirmed that the correlations between traits and behaviors were specific to game areas that carry different situational affordances, and were enhanced by inclusion of the facets. In the future, a verified database of game behavior correlations could have predictive value for inferring personality attitudes. This will help carve the way to more inclusive design, and the development of better adaptive strategies for games beyond what is currently in practice.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the issues of professional identity from the dual perspectives of sociologist Erving Goffman's reflections on the performance of work and Carl Jung's concept of Persona, the socially acceptable face of the individual or group.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Empirical evidence demonstrates that bribery, extortion and graft are often the outgrowths of a deeper "culture of corruption" which has proved disconcertingly resilient in the face of public secto...
Abstract: Empirical evidence demonstrates that bribery, extortion and graft are often the outgrowths of a deeper ‘culture of corruption’ which has proved disconcertingly resilient in the face of public secto...