Topic
Fading
About: Fading is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 55489 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1061665 citations. The topic is also known as: fading channel & shadow fading.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the tradeoff between the energy efficiency and spectral efficiency of a single-antenna system is quantified for a channel model that includes small-scale fading but not large scale fading, and it is shown that the use of moderately large antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency with orders of magnitude compared to a single antenna system.
Abstract: A multiplicity of autonomous terminals simultaneously transmits data streams to a compact array of antennas. The array uses imperfect channel-state information derived from transmitted pilots to extract the individual data streams. The power radiated by the terminals can be made inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of base station antennas with no reduction in performance. In contrast if perfect channel-state information were available the power could be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas. Lower capacity bounds for maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection are derived. An MRC receiver normally performs worse than ZF and MMSE. However as power levels are reduced, the cross-talk introduced by the inferior maximum-ratio receiver eventually falls below the noise level and this simple receiver becomes a viable option. The tradeoff between the energy efficiency (as measured in bits/J) and spectral efficiency (as measured in bits/channel use/terminal) is quantified for a channel model that includes small-scale fading but not large-scale fading. It is shown that the use of moderately large antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency with orders of magnitude compared to a single-antenna system.
2,770 citations
TL;DR: Performance of time-hopping spread-spectrum multiple-access systems employing impulse signal technology for both analog and digital data modulation formats under ideal multiple- access channel conditions is estimated.
Abstract: Attractive features of time-hopping spread-spectrum multiple-access systems employing impulse signal technology are outlined, and emerging design issues are described. Performance of such communications systems in terms of achievable transmission rate and multiple-access capability are estimated for both analog and digital data modulation formats under ideal multiple-access channel conditions.
2,693 citations
TL;DR: This letter addresses the problem of energy detection of an unknown signal over a multipath channel with the no-diversity case, and presents some alternative closed-form expressions for the probability of detection to those recently reported in the literature.
Abstract: This letter addresses the problem of energy detection of an unknown signal over a multipath channel. It starts with the no-diversity case, and presents some alternative closed-form expressions for the probability of detection to those recently reported in the literature. Detection capability is boosted by implementing both square-law combining and square-law selection diversity schemes
2,610 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the fading correlation affects the MEA capacity by modifying the distributions of the gains of these subchannels, which depends on the physical parameters of MEA and the scatterer characteristics.
Abstract: We investigate the effects of fading correlations in multielement antenna (MEA) communication systems. Pioneering studies showed that if the fades connecting pairs of transmit and receive antenna elements are independently, identically distributed, MEAs offer a large increase in capacity compared to single-antenna systems. An MEA system can be described in terms of spatial eigenmodes, which are single-input single-output subchannels. The channel capacity of an MEA is the sum of capacities of these subchannels. We show that the fading correlation affects the MEA capacity by modifying the distributions of the gains of these subchannels. The fading correlation depends on the physical parameters of MEA and the scatterer characteristics. In this paper, to characterize the fading correlation, we employ an abstract model, which is appropriate for modeling narrow-band Rayleigh fading in fixed wireless systems.
2,598 citations
TL;DR: An overview of progress in the area of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) space-time coded wireless systems is presented and the state of the art in channel modeling and measurements is presented, leading to a better understanding of actual MIMO gains.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of progress in the area of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) space-time coded wireless systems. After some background on the research leading to the discovery of the enormous potential of MIMO wireless links, we highlight the different classes of techniques and algorithms proposed which attempt to realize the various benefits of MIMO including spatial multiplexing and space-time coding schemes. These algorithms are often derived and analyzed under ideal independent fading conditions. We present the state of the art in channel modeling and measurements, leading to a better understanding of actual MIMO gains. Finally, the paper addresses current questions regarding the integration of MIMO links in practical wireless systems and standards.
2,488 citations