Topic
Fertility
About: Fertility is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 29988 publications have been published within this topic receiving 681106 citations.
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01 Sep 2009
TL;DR: Rates of contraceptive discontinuation even among women who want to avoid pregnancy remain high and are increasing in some countries where family planning efforts have decreased and can help policymakers and program managers track family planning progress and refocus efforts to meet the goal of reproductive health for all.
Abstract: Contraceptive discontinuations contribute substantially to the total fertility rate unwanted pregnancies and induced abortions. This study examines levels and trends in contraceptive switching contraceptive failure and abandonment of contraception while still in need of pregnancy prevention. Data come from the two most recent Demographic and Health Surveys in Armenia Bangladesh Colombia the Dominican Republic Egypt Indonesia Kenya and Zimbabwe. Results show that contraceptive discontinuation in the first year of use is common (18 to 63 percent across countries) and that the majority of these discontinuations are among women who are still in need of contraception: between 12 and 47 percent of women stop using contraception within one year even though they do not want to become pregnant. We found discontinuation to be strongly associated with the type of contraceptive method used. Additionally age parity education partners desired fertility community-level contraceptive prevalence and the region in which women live were all associated with contraceptive switching failure or discontinuing while still in need of contraception. In summary rates of contraceptive discontinuation even among women who want to avoid pregnancy remain high and are increasing in some countries where family planning efforts have decreased. This contraceptive discontinuation study along with future research in this area can help policymakers and program managers track family planning progress and refocus efforts to meet the goal of reproductive health for all.
151 citations
TL;DR: Reduction of obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, is associated with improvements in reproductive functions; hence, treatment of obesity itself should be the initial aim in obese infertile women before embarking on ovulation-induction drugs or assisted reproductive techniques.
Abstract: Obesity and overweight are common conditions that have consequences not only on general health but also to a great extent on reproductive health. There is a high prevalence of obese women in the infertile population and numerous studies have highlighted the link between obesity and infertility. Obesity contributes to anovulation and menstrual irregularities, reduced conception rate and a reduced response to fertility treatment. It also increases miscarriage and contributes to maternal and perinatal complication. Reduction of obesity, particularly abdominal obesity, is associated with improvements in reproductive functions; hence, treatment of obesity itself should be the initial aim in obese infertile women before embarking on ovulation-induction drugs or assisted reproductive techniques. While various strategies for weight reduction, including diet, exercise, pharmacological and surgical intervention exist, lifestyle modification continues to be of paramount importance.
150 citations
TL;DR: Fertility and women's labor force participation have become positively correlated across high income countries and the trend in men's household work suggests that the low fertility countries may see increases in fertility as women's household status catches up to their workforce opportunities.
Abstract: We seek to explain the differences in fertility rates across high-income countries by focusing on the interaction between the increasing status of women in the workforce and their status in the household, particularly with regards to child care and home production. We observe three distinct phases in women's status generated by the gradual increase in women's workforce opportunities. In the earliest phase, characteristic of the 1950s and 1960s in the United States, women earn low wages relative to men and are expected to shoulder all of the child care at home. As a result, most women specialize in home production and raising children. In an intermediate stage, women have improved (but not equal) labor market opportunities, but their household status lags. Women in this stage are still expected to do the majority of child care and household production. Increasing access to market work increases the opportunity cost of having children, and fertility falls. Female labor force participation increases. Working women in this phase of development have the strongest disincentives to having additional children since the entire burden of child care falls on them. In the final phase of development, women's labor market opportunities begin to equal those of men. In addition, the increased household bargaining power that comes from more equal wages results in much higher (if not gender-equal) male participation in household production. Female labor force participation is higher than in the intermediate phase. The increased participation of men in the household also reduces the disincentives for women to have additional children, and fertility rates rise compared to the intermediate phase. The intermediate, low-fertility phase might describe Japan, Italy, and Spain in the present day, while the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, and the modern-day United States may be entering the final phase. After presenting the empirical evidence, we predict that high-income countries with the lowest fertility rates are likely to see an increase in fertility in the coming decades.
150 citations
TL;DR: Fertility preservation techniques have been widely adopted over the last decade and therefore the establishment of international registries on their short- and long-term outcomes is strongly recommended, and the level of evidence for most of the evidence reviewed was 3 or below.
150 citations
TL;DR: Men increasingly view children and fatherhood as a responsibility and obligation and a constraint to spousal relations rather than a source of meaning happiness and stability as mentioned in this paper, and the centrality of parenthood is declining far more among men.
Abstract: This book chapter focuses on changes in marriage and the diminished role of men in the American family. It is argued that the level of commitment between men and women is changing and theories and research must begin to account for the declining role of men in the family. The evidence suggests that differences between the sexes may be even greater among cohabiting couples. If cohabitation is a substitute for marriage it is done with much lower commitment between the sexes. Some have argued that men are rejecting the financial obligations of a traditional family. Womens earnings might be both a reaction to divorce and a cause for it. Recent findings indicate that late adolescent males more than females place a top priority on achieving economic independence for themselves. Out-of-wedlock childbearing increased from 11% in 1970 to 30% in 1992. Marriage following pregnancy declined from 45% in the early 1970s to only 27% in the late 1980s. The centrality of parenthood is declining far more among men. Men increasingly view children and fatherhood as a responsibility and obligation and a constraint to spousal relations rather than a source of meaning happiness and stability. There has been an increase in the number of years children spend with only their biological mothers. Most studies examine the relationships between divorced men and their biological children rather than their "step children." A number of reasons are used to explain why male fertility is less studied. Most studies of fatherhood occur in developing countries. Studies need to examine issues such as male career orientation male involvement with children and male commitment.
150 citations