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Fertility
About: Fertility is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 29988 publications have been published within this topic receiving 681106 citations.
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TL;DR: A new IV strategy based on IVF (in vitro fertilization) induced fertility variation among childless women to estimate the causal effect of having children on their career indicates that fertility effects on earnings are negative, large, and long-lasting.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new IV strategy based on IVF (in vitro fertilization) induced fertility variation among childless women to estimate the causal effect of having children on their career. For this purpose, we use administrative data on IVF treated women in Denmark. Because observed chances of IVF success do not depend on labor market histories, IVF treatment success provides a plausible instrument for childbearing. Our IV estimates indicate that fertility effects on earnings are: (i) negative, large, and long-lasting; (ii) driven by fertility effects on hourly earnings and not so much on labor supply; and (iii) much stronger at the extensive margin than at the intensive margin.
143 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that immigrant fertility may rise after arrival in the new country perhaps because immigrants are making up for births or marriages that may have been postponed due to the move.
Abstract: This paper analyzes census data on the fertility of U.S. immigrants to study trends in fertility after migration. The results showed that immigrant fertility may rise after arrival in the new country perhaps because immigrants are making up for births or marriages that may have been postponed due to the move. After a period of time the fertility of immigrants may fall and as immigrants become more assimilated to the new country their fertility may come to be similar to cohorts of longer duration. These relationships were examined in a multivariate context so that variations between groups in socioeconomic status fertility in the country of origin age and marital status could be controlled. Relationships were studied for all U.S. immigrants as well as for subgroups defined by country or region of origin. The results indicate that simple measures of immigrant fertility that do not consider duration of residence are likely to be misleading if used to draw conclusions about the fertility impacts of immigration and advisable policy interventions. (EXCERPT)
143 citations
TL;DR: Fertility/fecundity was impaired in CAH males and the frequent occurrence of TARTs resulting in testicular insufficiency appears to be the major cause, but other factors such as elevated fat mass may contribute to a low semen quality.
Abstract: Objective: Fertility in males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is reported from normal to severely impaired. Therefore, we investigated fertility/fecundity, social/sexual situation, and pituitary– gonadal function in CAH males. Subjects and methods: The patient cohort comprised 30 males, aged 19–67 years, with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Their fertility was compared with age-matched national population data. For the evaluation of social/sexual factors and hormone status, age-matched controls were recruited (nZ32). Subgroups of different ages (!30 years and older) and CYP21A2 genotypes (null (severe salt-wasting (SW)), I2splice (milder SW), and I172N (simple virilizing)) were also studied. Patients underwent testicular ultrasound examination (nZ21) and semen analysis (nZ14). Results: Fertility was impaired in CAH males compared with national data (0.9G1.3 vs 1.8G0.5 children/father, P!0.001). There were no major differences in social and sexual factors between patients and controls apart from more fecundity problems, particularly in the I172N group. The patients had lower testosterone/estradiol (E2) ratio and inhibin B, and higher FSH. The semen samples were pathological in 43% (6/14) of patients and sperm concentration correlated with inhibin B and FSH. Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) were found in 86% (18/21). Functional testicular volume correlated positively with the testosterone/E2 ratio, sperm concentration, and inhibin B. Patients with pathological semen had increased fat mass and indications of increased cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: Fertility/fecundity was impaired in CAH males. The frequent occurrence of TARTs resulting in testicular insufficiency appears to be the major cause, but other factors such as elevated fat mass may contribute to a low semen quality.
143 citations
TL;DR: HI provides a means of more accurate assessment of the relative fertilizing ability of sperm with fewer observations than with most other techniques.
142 citations
TL;DR: Cherlin et al. as mentioned in this paper examined the relationship between normal business cycles and fertility and found evidence of modest negative effects over the second half of the 20th century (e.g., Schaller, 2012).
Abstract: The economic effects of the Great Recession have been readily apparent in high levels of unemployment and unprecedented levels of mortgage foreclosure. These economic effects have also had important social consequences for American families. The Great Recession led some couples to put off divorce (Cherlin, Cumberworth, Morgan, & Wimer, 2013; Cohen, 2014), reduced relationship quality (Schneider, Harknett, & McLanahan, 2014), and increased doubling-up in households (Wiemers, 2014). It also appears that the Great Recession lowered fertility in the United States. This question has received enormous attention in the popular press but has been subject to little detailed demographic analysis. The relationship between recession and fertility captures the public interest and is of academic note both because it speaks to the real social effects of economic downturns and also because such patterns reveal a regularity in social life, a way in which surprising economic events may have predictable effects.Analyses of the effect of economic conditions on fertility in the United States have a long scholarly history (Ogburn & Thomas, 1922). Seminal work by Rindfuss, Morgan, and Swicegood (1988) found a negative relationship between first births and unemployment in a period including the Great Depression. In addition, a number of studies have examined the relationship between normal business cycles and fertility and found evidence of modest negative effects over the second half of the 20th century (e.g., Schaller, 2012). A much larger body of research has investigated how economic conditions have affected fertility in Europe and has found evidence of negative effects across a number of countries (Sobotka, Skirbekk, & Philipov, 2011). All of this work has sought to understand the social effects of macro-economic variation and sharp downturns.Several recent studies have provided early evidence that the Great Recession has reduced fertility (Ananat, Gassman-Pines, & Gibson-Davis, 2013; Cherlin et al., 2013; Morgan, Cumberland, & Wimer, 2011a). However, our understanding of the Great Recession's effects on fertility remains incomplete. First, the few studies to date have not considered the full time span of the Great Recession, which, when measured by periods of high foreclosure or high unemployment, spanned a period much longer than the official recession years of 2008-2009. Also, nearly all work on the recession and fertility has focused on unemployment to the exclusion of foreclosure, yet foreclosure was a key aspect of economic distress in the Great Recession. Moreover, foreclosure may capture important social and economic processes that are not measured by unemployment alone. For example, women living in states with higher rates of foreclosure may have experienced greater declines in home value even on non-foreclosed homes (Harding, Rosenblatt, & Yao, 2009), and exposure to high rates of foreclosure, net of other economic conditions, appears to have important effects on mental health (Houle & Light, 2014) and, as Houle (2014) argued, on the the social organization and resources of communities.Second, the role of economic uncertainty has loomed large in the discussion of the causes of the Great Recession. For instance, Akerlof and Schiller's (2009) prominent account of emotions and the economy focused on the role of Keynesian "animal spirits" in driving the economy. Though scholars of European fertility have examined how economic uncertainty about the likelihood of future negative events may shape childbearing (e.g., Hofmann & Hohmeyer, 2013), very little attention has been given to the role of the Great Recession in creating such economic uncertainty at the household level and of the consequences of such emotional responses for demographic behavior in the United States.In this article, I draw on panels of state(2001-2012) and county-level (2001-2010) fertility data in conjunction with data at the county, state, divisional, regional, and national levels on unemployment, the employment-to-population ratio, foreclosures, consumer confidence, and press coverage of the recession to estimate panel models of the effects of recession on fertility. …
142 citations