Topic
Fertility
About: Fertility is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 29988 publications have been published within this topic receiving 681106 citations.
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TL;DR: This article used the GSS to examine the fertility of women born in the US but from different ethnic backgrounds and found that the number of siblings and number of parents are significant determinants of fertility, even after controlling for several individual and family level characteristics.
Abstract: This paper attempts to disentangle the direct effects of experience from those of culture in determining fertility. We use the GSS to examine the fertility of women born in the US but from different ethnic backgrounds. We take lagged values of the total fertility rate in the woman's country of ancestry as the cultural proxy and use the woman's number of siblings to capture her direct family experience. We find that both variables are significant determinants of fertility, even after controlling for several individual and family-level characteristics. (JEL: J13, J16, Z10)
433 citations
TL;DR: In general, women have partners who are several years older than themselves and it is important to focus more on the combined effect of higher female and male age on infertility and reproductive outcome.
Abstract: BACKGROUND Across the developed world couples are postponing parenthood. This review assesses the consequences of delayed family formation from a demographic and medical perspective. One main focus is on the quantitative importance of pregnancy postponement. METHODS Medical and social science databases were searched for publications on relevant subjects such as delayed parenthood, female and male age, fertility, infertility, time to pregnancy (TTP), fetal death, outcome of medically assisted reproduction (MAR) and mental well-being. RESULTS Postponement of parenthood is linked to a higher rate of involuntary childlessness and smaller families than desired due to increased infertility and fetal death with higher female and male age. For women, the increased risk of prolonged TTP, infertility, spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies and trisomy 21 starts at around 30 years of age with a more pronounced effects >35 years, whereas the increasing risk of preterm births and stillbirths starts at around 35 years with a more pronounced effect >40 years. Advanced male age has an important but less pronounced effect on infertility and adverse outcomes. MAR treatment cannot overcome the age-related decline in fecundity. CONCLUSIONS In general, women have partners who are several years older than themselves and it is important to focus more on the combined effect of higher female and male age on infertility and reproductive outcome. Increasing public awareness of the impact of advanced female and male age on the reproductive outcome is essential for people to make well-informed decisions on when to start family formation.
432 citations
TL;DR: A detailed account of the 1990 Ado-Ekiti Fertility Study in Ondo State in northeastern Nigeria is presented in terms of the contraceptive providers the population surveyed social changes occurring in the region the use of contraception among unmarried women and the demand for fertility control as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Botswana Zimbabwe and Kenya appeared in 1990 to be experiencing fertility declines of 15-25% and there is some 1991 evidence that parts of Nigeria experienced fertility declines of over 10%. These trends are in contrast to the widely held belief that sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world not experiencing fertility transition. The nature of the African fertility transition is characterized and the reasons for resistance to fertility decline are summarized. The type of fertility transition specific to Africa is discussed and followed by a detailed account of the 1990 Ado-Ekiti Fertility Study in Ondo State in northeastern Nigeria. The study is presented in terms of the contraceptive providers the population surveyed social changes occurring in the region the use of contraception among unmarried women and the demand for fertility control. The Ado-Ekiti experience suggests that contraceptive use has increased due to a National Population Policy which has provided a plentiful supply of a variety of methods through family planning clinics and private distributors and has legitimized family planning for women as a moral right. Availability of family planning methods was not the only influence on fertility reduction. There had been unmet demand for 20 years and massive economic and social change. There arose a demand by young unmarried women for fertility control as age at marriage increased. Female education affected young unmarrieds and married women who substituted contraception for abstinence for birth spacing. Urbanization was another influence fed by economic growth. The Ado-Ekiti experience suggests that contraceptives should be readily available to all particularly young single teenage girls and women for child spacing; women must be recognized as leaders in urging and practing contraception even without their partners knowledge. Privacy in obtaining supplies must be provided. The rising demand is being fed by education and an increasingly modern economy. The unique feature of Africas transition is the uniformity among all ages; the patterns will not follow the Asian or European pattern.
431 citations
TL;DR: Even if some of the assumptions are relaxed, ART in its present form cannot make up for all births lost by the natural decline of fertility after age 35 years.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Maternal age is an important factor in reproduction. Can assisted reproduction technologies (ART) fully compensate for the decline in fertility with age? METHODS: We used a computer simulation (Monte Carlo) model of reproduction, combining the monthly probabilities of conceiving, the risk of miscarriage and the probability of becoming age-dependently permanently sterile. RESULTS: Under natural conditions, 75% of women starting to try to conceive at age 30 years will have a conception ending in a live birth within 1 year, 66% at age 35 years and 44% at age 40 years. Within 4 years the success rates will be respectively 91, 84 and 64%. If women turn to ART after 4, 3 or 2 years respectively without conception, and if the rate of success is as observed after two cycles of insemination in IVF, ART makes up for only half of the births lost by postponing a first attempt of pregnancy from age 30 to 35 years, and <30% after postponing from 35 to 40 years. CONCLUSIONS: Even if we relax some of the assumptions, ART in its present form cannot make up for all births lost by the natural decline of fertility after age 35 years.
431 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that fertility is decreased among female Childhood Cancer Survivor Study participants, and the risk factors identified may be utilized for pretreatment counseling of patients and their parents.
Abstract: Purpose This study was undertaken to determine the effect, if any, of treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence on fertility. Patients and Methods We reviewed the fertility of female participants in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS), which consisted of 5-year survivors, and a cohort of randomly selected siblings who responded to a questionnaire. Medical records of all members of the cohort were abstracted to obtain chemotherapeutic agents administered; the cumulative dose of drug administered for several drugs of interest; and the doses, volumes, and dates of administration of all radiation therapy. Results There were 5,149 female CCSS participants, and there were 1,441 female siblings of CCSS participants who were age 15 to 44 years. The relative risk (RR) for survivors of ever being pregnant was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.90; P < .001) compared with female siblings. In multivariate models among survivors only, those who received a hypothalamic/pituitary radiation dose ≥ 30 Gy ...
430 citations