Fetus

About: Fetus is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 21567 publications have been published within this topic receiving 646380 citations. The topic is also known as: foetus & fœtus.

Maternal Undernutrition Influences Placental-Fetal Development

Abstract: Maternal nutrition during pregnancy has a pivotal role in the regulation of placental-fetal development and thereby affects the lifelong health and productivity of offspring. Suboptimal maternal nutrition yields low birth weight, with substantial effect on the short-term morbidity of the newborn. The placenta is the organ through which gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the maternal-fetal circulations. The size, morphology, and nutrient transfer capacity of the placenta determine the prenatal growth trajectory of the fetus to influence birth weight. Transplacental exchange depends on uterine, placental, and umbilical blood flow. Most important, maternal nutrition influences factors associated not only with placental homeostasis but also with optimal fetal development. This review associates fetal growth with maternal nutrition during pregnancy, placental growth and vascular development, and placental nutrient transport.

Care of the high-risk neonate

Abstract: 1. Antenatal and Intrapartum Care of the High-Risk Infant 2. Resuscitation of the Newborn Infant 3. Recognition, Stabilization and Transport of the High-Risk Newborn 4. Classification and Physical Examination of the Newborn Infant 5. The Physical Environment 6. Nutrition and Selected Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Part I. Nutrition for the High-Risk Infant Part II. Selected Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract Part III. Necrotizing Enterocolitis 7. Care of the Parents 8. Nursing Practice in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit 9. Respiratory Problems 10. Assisted Ventilation 11. Problems in Metabolic Adaptation: Glucose, Calcium and Magnesium 12. Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia 13. Neonatal Infections 14. The Heart 15. The Kidney 16. Hematologic Problems 17. Brain Disorders of the Fetus and Neonate 18. The Outcome of Neonatal Intensive Care 19. Ethical Issues in the Perinatal Period Appendices: A-1 Drugs Used for Emergency and Cardiac Indications in Newborns A-2 Drug Dosing Table B-1 Drug Compatibility C-1 Blood Chemistry Values in Premature Infants During the First 7 Weeks of Life (Birth Weight 1500-1750 g) C-2 Other Serum Values C-3A Plasma-Serum Amino Acids in Premature and Term Newborns (mmol/L) C-3B Reference Serum Amino Acid Concentrations That Have Been Proposed as Standards for Neonates (mmol/L) C-4 Normal Hematologic Values C-5 Hematologic Values in the First Weeks of Life Related to Gestational Maturity C-6 White Cell and Differential Counts in Premature Infants C-7 Leukocyte Values and Neutrophil Counts in Term and Premature Infants D-1 Urine Amino Acids in Normal Newborns (mmol/day) E-1 Siggaard-Anderson Alignment Nomogram F-1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Term and Premature Infants F-2 Comparison of WBC Counts in Neonates With and Without Meningitis G-1 Fetal Growth Curves for Trimmed and Raw Data G-2 Fetal Growth by Selected References G-3 Smoothed Percentiles of Birth Weight (g) for Gestational Age: US 1991 Single Live Births to Resident Mothers G-4 Growth Record for Infants G-5 Head Circumference G-6 Intrauterine Growth Curves G-7 Low-Birth-Weight Infants Daily Growth-Weight G-8 Low-Birth-Weight Infants Weekly Growth-Head Circumference G-9 Low-Birth-Weight Infant Growth Curves, With and Without Major Morbidities G-10 The Time of First Void and Stool G-11 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure by Birth Weight G-12 Blood Pressure by Age and Gestational Age G-13 Blood Pressure by Age H-1 Percent Mortality and Major Morbidity by Birth Weight H-2 Mortality Risk by Birth Weight and Gestational Age I-1 Equipment Found on the Umbilical Catheterization Tray, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio I-2 Umbilical Vessel Catheterization J-1 Conversion of Pounds and Ounces to Grams J-2 Conversion Table to Standard International (SI) Units J-3 Conversion Tables

Sheep models of intrauterine growth restriction: fetal adaptations and consequences.

Abstract: 1 Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been associated with poor perinatal health outcomes Animal models have been used to investigate why IUGR is associated with a poor prognosis The sheep has been used extensively as an experimental model for IUGR with poor placental substrate supply to the fetus induced using a range of methods, including the surgical ablation of the majority of endometrial caruncles prior to conception, experimental induction of maternal hyperthermia, ligation of an umbilical artery or embolization of the placenta in late gestation and maternal overnutrition in the pregnant adolescent ewe 2 Fetal adaptations to fetal hypoxia and hypoglycaemia include activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system and an associated increase in circulating cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations Fetal cardiovascular responses vary according to the method used to induce placental dysfunction 3 Although an array of experimental models has been used to induce placental dysfunction at different stages of fetal development, each leads to remarkably similar fetal growth, metabolic, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular adaptations and consequences The extent and range of the fetal physiological adaptations to chronic placental insufficiency are determined by the duration of exposure and the degree of the severity of substrate supply restriction 4 The present review summarizes how sheep models of IUGR have provided an increased understanding of the nature of the fetal adaptations to IUGR, their longer-term physiological consequences and how to improve clinical management of IUGR in human pregnancies