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Showing papers on "Fiber published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the debonding process of a fiber embedded in a brittle matrix is modeled as a mode 2 crack, where the elastic properties of the fiber are assumed to be transversely isotropic about the fiber axis.

706 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model based on a statistical theory of strength for composites was developed to predict the fiber contribution to strength under static loads, which significantly increase the ultimate strength and stiffness of sands.
Abstract: Laboratory triaxial compression tests are performed to determine the static stress‐strain response of sands reinforced with discrete, randomly distributed fibers, and to observe the influence of various fiber properties, soil properties, and test variables on soil behavior. In addition to the experimental program, a model is developed, based on a statistical theory of strength for composites, to predict the fiber contribution to strength under static loads. Randomly distributed fiber inclusions significantly increase the ultimate strength and stiffness of sands. The increase in strength and stiffness is a function of sand granulometry (i.e., gradation and particle size and shape) and fiber properties (i.e., weight fraction, aspect ratio, and modulus). The sand‐fiber composites have either a curved linear or a bilinear failure envelope, with the break occurring at a threshold confining stress called the “critical confining stress.” The magnitude of the critical confining stress decreases with an increase i...

459 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Reinforced or degradable polymeric fiber reinforced materials have been used successfully clinically, but the key has been careful selection of applications, plus use of designs and fixation methods distinctly different from those appropriate for stainless steel devices.
Abstract: The mechanical properties of biodegradable polymers and composites proposed for use in internal fixation (in place of stainless steel) are crucial to the performance of devices made from them for support of healing bone. To assess the reported range of properties and degradation rates. we searched and reviewed papers and abstracts published in English from 1980 through 1988. Mechanical property data were found for poly(lactic acid), poly (glycolic acid), poly(ϵ-caprolactone), polydioxanone, poly(ortho ester), poly(ethylene oxide), and/or their copolymers. Reports of composites based on several of these materials, reinforced with nondegradable and degradable fibers, were also found. The largest group of studies involved poly(lactic acid). Mechanical test methods varied widely, and studies of the degradation of mechanical properties were performed under a variety of conditions, mostly in vitro rather than in vivo. Compared to annealed stainless steel, unreinforced biodegradable polymers were initially up to 36% as strong in tension and 54% in bending, but only about 3% as stiff in either test mode. With fiber reinforcement, reported highest initial strengths exceeded that of stainless steel. Stiffness reached 62% of stainless steel wiht nondegradable carbon fibers, 15% with degradable inorganic fibers, but only 5% with degradable polymeric fibers. The slowest-degrading unreinforced biodegradable polymers were poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ortho ester). Biodegradable composites with carbon or inorganic fibers generally lost strength rapidly, with a slower loss of stiffness, suggesting the difficulty of fiber-matrix coupling in these system. The strength of composites reinforced wiht (lower modulus) degradable polymeric fibers decreased more slowly. Low implant stiffness might be expected to allow too much bone motion for satisfactory healing. However, unreinforced or degradable polymeric fiber reinforced materials have been used successfully clinically. The key has been careful selection of applications, plus use of designs and fixation methods distinctly different from those appropriate for stainless steel devices.

451 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism for coupling a radical cation to the carbon fiber was proposed to improve the robustness of carbon-epoxy composites when prepared from these modified fibers.
Abstract: Electrochemical oxidation of ω‐diamines on carbon fibers allows the bonding of these molecules to the carbon fibers. The conditions leading to this surface modification are described, and the influence of the different parameters is discussed. The structure of the bonded layer is studied by voltammetry, XPS, and SIMS. A mechanism is proposed which involves the coupling of a radical cation to the fiber. Toughness of carbon‐epoxy composites is improved when prepared from these modified fibers.

291 citations


Patent
24 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a thermally-bonded nonwoven fabric that is made from a web which comprises from 100 to 5 percent by weight of multiconstituent fibers is presented.
Abstract: The present invention provides a thermally-bonded nonwoven fabric that is made from a web which comprises from 100 to 5 percent by weight of multiconstituent fibers. Said multiconstituent fibers are composed of highly dispersed blends of at least two different immiscible thermoplastic polymers and have a dominant continuous polymer phase with at least one noncontinuous phase dispersed therein. The noncontinuous phase exists as an elongated fibrillar polymer domain oriented generally in the direction of the fiber axis. No single polymer domain cross-section of said noncontinuous phase or phases is larger than 0.1% of the cross-sectional area of said fiber. The polymer of the noncontinuous phase or phases has a Polymer Melt Temperature (PMT) at least 30°C below the PMT of the continuous phase. The fiber is configured such that said noncontinuous phase or phases occupy a substantial portion of the fiber surface. In addition to such fabrics, laminates --made by combining nonwoven fabrics made from the materials and processes as described herein with films, paper, tissue, woven fabrics, or nonwoven fabrics such as meltblowns-- are also contemplated. The fabric according to the invention readily bonds to other materials of the sorts mentioned, and is therefore suitable for use in filtration media, medical and clean room garments, CSR wrap, absorbent article backsheets, and other barrier structures.

289 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the number of fibers per unit cross-sectional area in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens incorporating various volume fractions of fibers of different types was measured and the differences in fiber concentrations at different locations on the cross-section were assessed.
Abstract: Measurements were made on the number of fibers per unit cross-sectional area in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens incorporating various volume fractions of fibers of different types. Based on statistical evaluation of the measured values, the differences in fiber concentrations at different locations on the cross section were assessed. Theoretical expressions were derived for the number of fibers per unit cross-sectional area in fiber reinforced concrete, with due consideration given to the effects of the surrounding boundaries. The effects of vibration on reorientation of steel fibers in concrete were investigated through comparisons betwen the computed and measured values of number of fibers per unit cross-sectional area.

282 citations


Patent
03 Apr 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a rotary joint for singlemode optical fibers is proposed, having a fixed and a rotating part to permit the transmission of optical signals across a rotational interface (such as a winch or turret) with minimal insertion loss and low reflections.
Abstract: The invention is a rotary joint for singlemode optical fibers, having a fixed and a rotating part to permit the transmission of optical signals across a rotational interface (such as a winch or turret) with minimal insertion loss and, in particular, low reflections (good return loss). There is no need of conversion to electrical signals; the device is passive. It may be use an oil of refractive index matched to that of the glass fibers and to that of fiber tapers or lenses used to expand the beam emitted from one fiber and contract it for transmission into the other fiber. The device is bidirectional. By use foil, through precision techniques for building and mounting the optical and mechanical components, and by use of advanced bearings, both the insertion loss and unwanted reflections (return loss) can be minimized, thereby making it suitable for use with singlemode fiber. Insertion loss can be further reduced in conjunction with index-matching fluid by using optical elements (lenses, tapers, fibers) having angled or curved facets rather than perpendicular facets. Oil filling has the further advantage of pressure compensation allowing the device to operate at any ambient pressure. Lenses having curved surfaces can be accommodated by the use of fluid having a refractive index different from that of the lens material.

228 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aspen fibers are incorporated into recycled high density polyethylene with a co-rotating intermeshing twin-screw extruder to study processing-property relationships.
Abstract: The development of composites consisting of wood fibers and recycled plastics offers not only an opportunity to utilize an abundant natural resource but also a means to alleviate the serious plastics disposal problem. In this work, aspen fibers are incorporated into recycled high density polyethylene with a co-rotating inter-meshing twin-screw extruder to study processing-property relationships. Tensile, impact, and flexural strengths are measured as functions of fiber concentration. The effects of fiber pretreatment, screw configuration, and compounding temperature on the properties of composites are discussed.

220 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the tensile properties of aluminum matrix composites containing SiC whiskers or particulate were investigated analytically and compared to experimental results, and two finite-element models were constructed and used for elastoplastic analysis.
Abstract: The tensile properties of aluminum matrix composites containing SiC whiskers or particulate were investigated analytically and compared to experimental results. Two finite-element models were constructed and used for elastoplastic analysis. In both models, the SiC fibers are represented as longitudinally aligned cylinders in a three-dimensional array. The cylinder ends are transversely aligned in one model and staggered in the other. Using the models, the sensitivity of the predicted composite properties to the deformation characteristics of the matrix alloy was examined, and the general behavior of the models was validated. It was determined that both models are necessary to predict the overall composite stress-strain response accurately. The analytic results accurately predict: the observed composite stress-strain behavior; the experimentally observed increase in Young’s modulus and the work-hardening rate with increasing fiber volume content and aspect ratio; and the decrease and subsequent increase in proportional limit as the SiC volume fraction is increased. The models also predict that the transverse material properties should be insensitive to fiber aspect ratio. In addition, the model predicts the location of initial yielding and the propagation of the plastic region. These results offer insights into the deformation mechanisms of short fiber-reinforced composites.

166 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The differences in fiber type composition between the different parts of the muscle probably reflect different functional demands on the trapezius muscle in various head, neck, and shoulder movements.
Abstract: The human trapezius muscle has an origin that is more extensive than that of any other body muscle; it has a complex macroscopic structure with fibers running in different directions. Histochemical analysis of multiple samples, obtained from different parts of the trapezius muscle from five males, showed marked differences in the distribution and the cross-sectional fiber area of the fiber types among different parts of the muscle as well as among individuals. As revealed by the mATPase activity, after different levels of alkaline and acidic preincubations, the lower third of the descending portion, the transverse, and the ascending portions of the muscle had a predominance of type I fibers (low mATPase activity at pH 9.4), whereas the most superior parts of pars descendens had a higher frequency of type II fibers (high mATPase activity at pH 9.4). The fibers of the most superior parts of the muscle were considerably smaller compared with those in all the other parts. In sections stained for NADH-TR, moth-eaten fibers were observed within parts of the descending portion. Their location and their larger fiber area, compared with that of ordinary type I fibers, may be related to frequent and/or continuous use of these fibers. In conclusion, the differences in fiber type composition between the different parts of the muscle probably reflect different functional demands on the trapezius muscle in various head, neck, and shoulder movements. We suggest that the interindividual differences in muscle fiber composition are due, at least in part, to genetic factors.

165 citations


Patent
12 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this article, yarn-like fiber groups of parallel and tightly compacted fiber segments are represented by fiber segments circumferentially wrapped around at least a portion of the fiber groups, which are interconnected at junctures by fibers common to the plurality of such groups.
Abstract: Non-woven fabrics comprising yarn-like fiber groups of parallel and tightly compacted fiber segments, which groups include fiber segments circumferentially wrapped around at least a portion of the fiber groups. The groups are interconnected at junctures by fibers common to the plurality of such groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
Emmanuel Desurvire1
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53-mu m transition is presented. Butt et al.
Abstract: A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes. >

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the Ti-15-3 metal matrix composites containing silicon-carbide (SCS6) fibers, in five different lay-ups, have been tested at room temperature to determine static strengths and mechanical properties.
Abstract: The Ti-15-3 metal matrix composites containing silicon-carbide (SCS6) fibers, in five different lay-ups, have been tested at room temperature to determine static strengths and mechanical properties. Experimental data and predicted values of the laminate properties and strengths showed good correlation. The off-axis laminate plies (that is, 90 and 45 deg) suffered fiber/matrix interface failures at stress levels as low as 20 ksi, thus significantly affecting the mechanical properties of the laminate. Edge replicas were used to verify the fiber/matrix separations. Microscopic examinations determined that the fiber/matrix failures were occurring in the titanium/silicon reaction layer. Fatigue tests were performed on unnotched specimens to determine the number of cycles to failure versus cyclic stress level. It was found that the stress in the 0 deg fiber could be used to correlate the fatigue life of different laminates containing 0 deg plies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Spectroscopic measurements of fluorescence and absorption in an erbium-doped fiber permit the evaluation of the Stark-level energies of the (4I(15/2) and (4)I(13/ 2) manifolds in Er:glass.
Abstract: Spectroscopic measurements of fluorescence and absorption in an erbium-doped fiber permit the evaluation of the Stark-level energies of the (4)I(15/2) and (4)I(13/2) manifolds in Er:glass. The data permit the allocation of the individual laser transitions associated with the room-temperature gain spectrum of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near lambda = 1.53 microm.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1990-Carbon
TL;DR: In this paper, the amount of functional groups effective for adhesion of the matrix at the interface was correlated to the fractional coverage of an epoxide on the fiber surface using a liquid phase chemical modification process.

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the hindering transport coefficients for a spherical macromolecule in a spatially periodic fibrous medium were calculated using two different methods: Brinkman's equation and generalized Taylor dispersion theory.
Abstract: Hindered transport coefficients for a spherical macromolecule in a spatially periodic fibrous medium were calculated using two different methods. The first method is an effective medium approach based on Brinkman's equation and can be readily applied to disordered fibrous media. The second and more rigorous set of calculations makes use of generalized Taylor dispersion theory. Results from these two approaches are compared for two different spatially periodic lattices of bead-and-string fibers, which were chosen to illustrate the effects of inhomogeneity in the distribution of fibers. In addition, ratios of solute radius to fiber radius ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 were considered. Qualitative agreement between the two methods was obtained for each case studied, and quantitative agreement was obtained for volume fractions at which the hindering effects of the fibers were not too severe.

Patent
21 Aug 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a method for producing a molded article of a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin, which comprises supplying a melt mass of a thermoplastastic resin (A) which is reinforced with fibers dispersed therein and having an average fiber length of not shorter than 1 mm and not longer than 50 mm as a reinforcing material in an unclosed mold, is described.
Abstract: A method for producing a molded article of a fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin, which comprises supplying a melt mass of a thermoplastic resin (A) which is reinforced with fibers dispersed therein and having an average fiber length of not shorter than 1 mm and not longer than 50 mm as a reinforcing material in an unclosed mold in which a film or sheet made of a thermoplastic resin (B) having adhesiveness to a thermoplastic resin (A) is optionally placed, closing the mold and pressurizing and cooling it to obtain a molded article.

Patent
20 Feb 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, an optical security system is disclosed for one or more appliances such as a network of computers, terminals, and associated peripheral devices, consisting of an optical fiber cable that is attached to an appliance through attachment devices that are secure from physical attack.
Abstract: An optical security system is disclosed for one or more appliances such as a network of computers, terminals, and associated peripheral devices. The system comprises an optical fiber cable that is attached to an appliance through attachment devices that are secure from physical attack. The ends of the optical fiber are connected to a control box to form an optical fiber circuit which senses the amount of light within the fiber at any given time. The alarm device sounds if light within the fiber cable is attenuated through bending or breaking of the fiber cable in an attempted theft of the secured computer. The attachment devices comprise a two piece unit which holds the optical fiber. The first piece is a solid cone that is fastened to the computer component by a screw or adhesive. The second piece is a hollow cone that fits entirely over the solid inner cone. The cones include slots for holding the optical fiber between the cones. The fiber is held by the cones but is able to slide within the cones without breaking or bending the fiber cable. This allows the computer component to be moved without setting off the alarm. The alarm activates only when someone attempts to pry or pull the cones apart, subsequently bending the fiber cable.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructure of a unidirectional composite is divided into adjacent cells, each containing a single fiber and the compliance of each cell is modeled by a series of springs, with frictional sliding of fibers represented by sliding blocks.
Abstract: Possible mechanisms for the hysteresis in stress-strain response observed during fatigue of fiber-reinforced ceramics are examined analytically. In the model developed, the microstructure of a unidirectional composite is divided into adjacent cells, each containing a single fiber. The compliance of each cell is modeled by a series of springs, with frictional sliding of fibers represented by sliding blocks. Fatigue damage is modeled by allowing fibers to debond and fracture on a random cycle-by-cycle basis. The magnitude of the interfacial shear between the fibers and matrix is shown to play a significant role in determining the extent of hysteresis observed during fatigue loading of unidirectional composites. Practical considerations, such as the influence of fiber volume fraction on macroscopic fatigue behavior, are also dis

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that K supply to cotton fruit is an important determinant of fiber quality under field conditions, and that the K requirement for producing high lint yield with acceptable quality may differ among genotypes.
Abstract: Although results from in vitro ovule culture studies have demonstrated a specific K requirement for fiber growth, a direct association between the K status of the cotton (L.) plant and fiber quality has not been established under field conditions. To evaluate this relationship, a single cultivar (1985) and two cultivars (1986 and 1987) were grown with 0, 120, 240, or 480 kg K ha in 10 blocked replicates of each K level on an irrigated, vermiculitic soil. There was a significant seed-cotton yield response to applied K in each year. Lint yield, however, increased relatively more than seed yield, resulting in a greater lint percentage as plant K supply increased. The greater lint percentage reflected increased fiber length and secondary wall thickness (measured as a micronaire index) obtained from plants that received fertilizer K. For both cultivars, the fiber length, micronaire index, fiber strength and percent elongation, and fiber length uniformity ratio (dependent variables) were each positively related to (i) fiber K concentration at maturity, (ii) leaf K concentration at early bloom, and (iii) an index of soil K availability as independent variables in regression analyses. Comparison of cultivar regressions, however, indicated that fiber quality of ‘Acala GC510’ was higher than that of ‘Acala SJ2’ at low fiber, leaf, or soil K levels. We conclude that K supply to cotton fruit is an important determinant of fiber quality under field conditions, and that the K requirement for producing high lint yield with acceptable quality may differ among genotypes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the upconversion of Tm3+-doped and Yb3+sensitized Tm 3+doped silica fibers to blue and UV has been studied under excitation in the red (660 nm) and infra-red (1.064 µm).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the micromechanisms of matrix fracture in Portland cement based fiber composites by means of quantitative image analysis and acoustic emission technique, and an experimental investigation has been conducted with different volume concentrations of polypropylene fibers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, surface response modeling was used to characterize the effect of extrusion processing on the functional properties of corn fiber/corn starch formulations, and X-ray diffraction profiles indicated that extrusion did not affect fiber crystallinity.
Abstract: Surface response modeling was used to characterize the effect of extrusion processing on the functional properties of corn fiber/corn starch formulations. Process parameters evaluated included screw speed (200-500 rpm), temperature (90-150°C) and pH (3-11). Generally, the water holding capacity of starch increased with increasing extrusion temperature while the water holding capacity of the fiber decreased with increasing extrusion temperature. The foam stability decreased, while the residual moisture increased, with an increase in fiber concentration. X-ray diffraction profiles indicated that extrusion did not affect fiber crystallinity. No significant changes in the ratio of soluble to insoluble fiber were found as a result of extrusion.


Journal Article
TL;DR: Analysis of risk associated with fiber by food source and by components of the fiber may provide insight into possible mechanisms of a fiber effect on cancer of the colon and rectum.
Abstract: In this case-control study, we examined the food sources of fiber and fiber solubility to determine whether particular components of dietary fiber were differentially associated with risk of colon and rectal cancer. In Western New York, cases with pathologically confirmed, single, primary cancers of the colon and rectum as well as age-, sex- and neighborhood-matched controls were interviewed from 1975–1986. The sample included 428 colon case-control pairs (223 females, 205 males) and 422 rectal case-control pairs (145 females, 277 males). Subjects were interviewed regarding usual quantity and frequency of consumption of foods. For the colon, risk decreased with intake of grain fiber for both females and males and with intake of fruit/vegetable fiber for males only. Insoluble grain fiber was more strongly associated with risk than soluble grain fiber. For the rectum, fruit/vegetable fiber was associated with decreased risk, whereas grain fiber was not. There was no difference in risk for soluble and insoluble fiber components for the rectum. Analysis of risk associated with fiber by food source and by components of the fiber may provide insight into possible mechanisms of a fiber effect on cancer of the colon and rectum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the intercept of the resulting curves with the abscissa axis is shown to be a measurement of the capillary pressure needed to fully infiltrate the fiber preforms.
Abstract: Infiltration experiments on aluminum cast into SAFFIL alumina fiber preforms containing a silica binder and of fiber volume fraction varying from 10 to 25 pct are reported. Data are compared with the theory presented in Part I and used to characterize wettability of the preforms by plotting the infiltrated length of composite divided by the square root of time as a function of applied pressure. The intercept of the resulting curves with the abscissa axis is shown to be a measurement of the capillary pressure needed to fully infiltrate the fiber preforms. Resulting experimental values of this capillary pressure are then used with Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm measurements of the preform’s specific surface to derive an apparent wetting angle of the fibers by aluminum during infiltration. In this manner, the effective wetting angle of pure aluminum on the alumina/silica fibers is found to be 106 ±5 deg, independent of fiber preform temperature. We also propose a mechanism for preventing preform compression during infiltration.

Patent
29 Oct 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a process for preparing a polymeric liquid crystal film or fiber comprising aligning in a multi-oriented state a nematic or smectic monomeric mesophase (liquid crystal monomer) and photopolymerizing the mesophases is disclosed.
Abstract: A liquid crystal polymer film or fiber comprising polymeric liquid crystals having aligned multiple oriented mesogens and a process for preparing such a polymeric liquid crystal film or fiber comprising aligning in a multi-oriented state a nematic or smectic monomeric mesophase (liquid crystal monomer) and photopolymerizing the mesophase, are disclosed. The film or fiber may be adhered to a substrate, part of a liquid crystal display cell, or a free standing polymeric film or fiber. According to a preferred process, the mesophase is aligned in a multi-oriented state using linearly polarized light.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanical properties of the material surrounding a single carbon fiber in an epoxy matrix have been studied, showing that the material close to the fiber exhibited an apparent high modulus due to restriction by the fiber.
Abstract: The mechanical properties of the material surrounding a single carbon fiber in an epoxy matrix have been studied. Properties were determined within 100 nm of the fiber. A pronounced soft interphase was revealed adjacent to the fiber. A single fiber was embedded in a small supported disk of epoxy matrix. The fiber was loaded in tension. Examination of the surface displacements in the resin revealed that the matrix material within 250 nm of the fiber was substantially softer than the matrix far from the fiber. This interphase material was active in creep. Measurement of indentation properties of the matrix around a single fiber showed that the material close to the fiber exhibited an apparent high modulus due to restriction by the fiber. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Patent
02 Jul 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermally bonded fibrous wet laid web containing a bicomponent fiber including a polyester or polyamide fiber component and a component consisting of a linear low density polyethylene having a density in the range of 0.88 to 0.945 g/cc.
Abstract: A thermally bonded fibrous wet laid web containing a bicomponent fiber including a polyester or polyamide fiber component and a component consisting of a linear low density polyethylene having a density in the range of 0.88 to 0.945 g/cc. A grafted HDPE can be added to the LLDPE to improve adhesion of the bicomponent fiber. The bonded fibrous wet laid web may further include a matrix fiber selected from the group consisting of cellulose paper making fibers, cellulose acetate fibers, glass fibers, polyester fibers, ceramic fibers, mineral wool fibers, polyamide fibers, and other naturally occurring fibres. It has been found that a thermally nonwoven fibrous web made using the foregoing ingredients has improved and unexpected strength, lower web variability and is softer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Iso-TDF diets (containing, on average, 12.5% TDF) appear to be utilized similarly, regardless of the diversity in sources of fiber tested, and Digestible energy and ME values generally were similar among treatments.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine widely divergent fiber sources for their efficacy as ingredients in a meat-based dog diet and to determine the effects of these fibers on fecal excretion responses and mean retention time of marked fiber in the gastrointestinal tract of the dog Fiber sources tested included beet pulp (BP), tomato pomace (TP), peanut hulls (PH), wheat bran (WB) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw (AHPWS) Diets were isonitrogenous (53% N) and iso-total dietary fiber (TDF; 125%) Thirty female English Pointers (five/treatment) were used in the experiment Intakes of DM and OM were similar among treatments The highest intakes of ether extract (EE) occurred on the TP, PH and WB treatments Dogs fed PH ingested the most crude fiber (236 g/d), NDF (535 g/d), ADF (343 g/d) and TDF (597 g/d) Digestibilities of DM and OM for all fiber treatments were lower than the control (876 vs 818% for DM; 902 vs 854% for OM), but values were similar among fiber sources The highest EE and N digestibilities occurred on the control and AHPWS treatments No differences were noted among exogenous fiber-containing treatments in fiber component digestibility Digestible energy and ME values generally were similar among treatments Among fiber sources, BP resulted in the greatest amount of wet feces excreted (270 g/d) and the lowest fecal DM (303%) No differences among fiber sources were noted in frequency of defecation or mean retention time Iso-TDF diets (containing, on average, 125% TDF) appear to be utilized similarly, regardless of the diversity in sources of fiber tested