Showing papers on "Field (Bourdieu) published in 1976"

Perspectives on cognitive dissonance

Abstract: Published in 1976, Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology.

The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History

Abstract: List of PlatesList of IllustrationsPreface (1994)Preface to the First EditionCh. 1Organization Begins3Ch. 2The Rise to Fashion22Ch. 3Wonders of the Past45Ch. 4The Victorian Setting64Ch. 5The Fruits of Efficiency83Ch. 6Exploring the Fringes108Ch. 7Deadlier Weapons126Ch. 8The Field Club142Ch. 9The Parting of the Ways158Ch. 10Dispersed Efforts175Ch. 11Recovery on the Coasts186Ch. 12An Infusion of Mobility202Ch. 13A Break for Play220Ch. 14The Eventual Combining227Notes on Sources245Index257

The Impact of Hierarchical Structures on the Work Behavior of Women and Men

Abstract: This paper makes the case for an absence of sex differences in work behavior, arguing instead that work attitudes and work behavior are a function of location in organizational structures. The structures of opportunity (e. g., mobility prospects) and power (e. g., influence upward), along with the proportional representation of a person's social type, define and shape the ways that organization members respond to their jobs and to each other. In hierarchical systems like large corporations, the relative disadvantage of many women with respect to opportunity and power results in behaviors and attitudes (such as limited aspirations, concern with co-worker friendships, or controlling leadership styles) that are also true of men in similarly disadvantaged positions. The structure of power in organizations, rather than inherent sexual attitudes, can also explain why women sometimes appear to be less preferred as leaders. It is concluded that it is not the nature of women but hierarchical arrangements that must be changed if we are to promote equity in the workplace. This paper proposes that structural conditions, particularly those stemming from the nature of hierarchy, shape apparent "sex differences" in the workplace and in organizations. Findings about behavior of and toward women in organizations can be explained by a number of structural variables that also can account for the behavior of and toward men in similar situations. This conclusion has been reached after field work in two corporations, interviews with "token" women in professional and management positions and secretaries and secretarial supervisors, and an extensive review of the social psychological and sociological literatures on work orientations and leadership behavior. Underlying this analysis is a conception of an organization as a total system. Occupations, work behavior, and work relations are too often studied as if they exist in a vacuum-each occupation or office or departmental unit considered as an isolated entity-and not within complex systems that define the position of interacting parties with respect to larger distributions of opportunity, power, and numerical ratios of social types. The hierarchical systems in which most work relations occur define which people are mobile, which will advance, which positions lead to other positions, and how many opportunities for growth and change occur along a particular chain of positions. Organizational systems also define a network of power relations outside of the authority vested in formal positions; the power network defines which people can be influential beyond the boundaries of their positions. Finally, the distribution of social types and social characteristics among personnel in different positions (and especially such ascribed characteristics as age, race, and sex) define whether people of a given type are relatively rare or relatively common.

Issues in the Design of Longitudinal Organizational Research

Abstract: While there is a growing awareness in the field of organizational sociology of the need for longitudinal research, there are few exemplars to serve as guides for those interested in the design of s...

Effects of Seating Arrangement on Group Participation

Abstract: Summary The relationship between position in a seating arrangement and group participation was examined in a field setting with use of 198 men and women (college students and adults in the communit...

Premises, Promises, and Problems of Comparative Foreign Policy

Abstract: What is comparative foreign policy? This article outlines the background for the advent of comparative foreign policy as a subfield within the field of international relations. It describes the mai...

The Use of Models in Anthropological Fieldwork

Abstract: This paper describes my attempt to use a deductive procedure in anthropological fieldwork. The initial results confirmed the major hypothesis taken to the field, and it appeared that fieldwork may be amenable to a more rigorous approach than normally has been the case. Eventually, however, it became clear that the theoretical framework adopted prior to fieldwork resulted in a distorted view of reality, and only when this framework was discarded was it possible to solve the major research problems. The paper concludes with an argument for the orthodox inductive procedure characteristic of social anthropology.

British Economic and Social History: A Bibliographical Guide

Abstract: This bibliographic guide to British economic and social history contains 7400 entries. Prominence is given to subjects such as leisure, crime and war, reflecting the changing nature of the field. Wales, Scotland and Ireland are well represented.

Initial Analysis Shows

Abstract: The field of community development has not produced empirical research, using standardized instruments, that defines and differentiates the community developer from other professional helping occupations. Using the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory, the author compares a group of 84 community developers to 67 existing male occupational profiles. Knowles’ speculative theory of evolving social disciplines provides a general framework.

Needs analysis methodology : the first field test of the determining and defining processes.

Abstract: NEEDS ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY: THE FIRST FIELD TEST OF THE DETERMINING AND DEFINING PROCESSES (February 1976) Karen P. Thomann, B.A., Fordham University, Ed. D. , University of Massachusetts Directed by: Dr. Thomas E. Hutchinson During recent years the concept of needs assessment has become popular in the field of education. The importance placed upon the concept has resulted in attempts to find ways to do needs assessment tasks. In general there are three types of needs assessment models: determining needs, measuring a predetermined need, and determining and measuring

Consultation as a Mode of Field Instruction

Abstract: In recent years both pedagogical and pragmatic considerations have prompted numerous experiments in field instruction for social work education. A novel approach used by one school is based on a consultation model. In this mode of field instruction a faculty based field instructor serves as a consultant to the student placed in a community agency. The relationship between consultee and consultant is distinctly different from that which exists between a student and a "teacher," "instructor," or "supervisor" in traditional field placements. Rather than a hierarchical, obligatory relationship, there exists between consultant and consultee a coordinate, facultative relationship in which the consultant's role is primarily that of problem-solving. Advantages of this approach include maximization of faculty resources, increased school control of field learning, utilization of a greater variety of field agencies, and facilitation of student choice in developing programs for learning as recommended by numerous reformers in professional education. I. The Need for Experimental Approaches to Field Instruction During the past decade there has been a proliferation of theory, research, and experimentation regarding modes of field instruction. This effort has been brought about by several factors. The first set of reasons for the experimentation in field instruction modalities are educational in nature. Many of the newly tried ideas have been attempts to deal with the shortcoming of the traditional type of curriculum model sometimes referred to as the work model. One widely recognized problem with the traditional model has been the dichotomy of class and field.3 The need for linkage between class and field has long been recognized. For instance, in 1951 Hollis and Taylor wrote that "the objectives of field teaching should be identical with those of classroom work and should be as carefully organized into teaching units." As schools have sought to establish this linkage and provide the most effective balance and timing possible between the knowledge base and practice or skill components in social work education, numerous experiments in field instruction

Some Fundamental Problems in the Logic of Scientific Discovery

Abstract: A scientist, whether theorist or experimenter, puts forward statements, or systems of statements, and tests them step by step. In the field of the empirical sciences, more particularly, he constructs hypotheses, or systems of theories, and tests them against experience by observation and experiment.