Showing papers on "Field (Bourdieu) published in 1988"

Social Closure: The Theory of Monopolization and Exclusion

Abstract: The development and inequalities of society have traditionally been analysed in terms of stratification and class. Raymond Murphy argues that important inequalities of power remain unanalysed by traditional social theories, and that the concept of social closure, suggested by Max Weber, provides a means of capturing the common and essential features of types of subordination that appear quite different on the surface. Seemingly unrelated forms of domination based on private property, the bureaucratic Communist Party, credentials, status, race, language, and gender, are tied together by Weber's notion of social closure as the underlying principle of all systems of inequality in power. The book suggests improvements to the conceptions of closure, power, and social class, and turns closure theory back on itself to analyse the scholarly field. It develops a conceptualization of the rules of social closure and their transformation, and compares the Weberian concept of closure with the Marxian concept of exploitation. Raymond Murphy examines the way in which Western society, in the elusive pursuit of mastery and control, has transformed its codes of social closure by the process of formal rationalization. He shows how this formal rationalization of monopolization and exclusion has led to substantively irrational results. Professor Murphy's conclusion - that Weber's theories of social closure and rationalization provide a conceptual basis for going beyond a narrow focus on one particular means of monopolization to an analysis of monopolization and exclusion per se - marks an important and original advance in the development of the ideas of Weber and in social theory generally.

Family-Owned Businesses: An Emerging Field of Inquiry

Abstract: This paper reviews the development of thinking about the family firm in four major areas of focus, and discusses the contributions and limitations of each approach.

International Security Studies: A Report of a Conference on the State of the Field

Abstract: I T w e l v e years ago, in their foreword to the first issue of International Security, the editors expressed the hope that the journal would \"contribute to the disciplined discourse that distinguishes a profession. \" Such discourse should periodically include an examination of the state of the field. The editors of International Security therefore believe that readers of the journal will find of interest this overview of the present vigor and future direction of the field of international security studies. In it, the chairman of the editorial board and the managing editor of International Security offer their perspective on the progress of international security studies, stimulated by a conference on the state of the field. We feel that more discussion of the present and future state of international security studies is necessa y, and we invite further comrnenta y. -The Editors

Critical notes and reflections on ‘social representations’

Abstract: Moscovici has ushered in the ‘era of social representations widely welcomed as a European alternative to what are increasingly regarded as the shortcomings of mainline American social psychology. The rapid and enthusiastic adoption by many psychologists of Moscovici's theoretical approach has not so far evoked a great deal of critical appraisal of the ideas he put forward. The present paper seeks to make a start in jilling this gap by an examination of the conceptual structure and some of its underlying assumptions. There appear to be a number of internal inconsistencies and some doubt concerning the logical status of social representations’ It is suggested that clarification of such issues, together with the establishment of closer links with the findings of neighbouring disciplines, would help to strengthen what is undoubtedly one of the most stimulating new departures in the field.

Field‐Based Education: Some Theoretical Considerations

Abstract: Within a broad notion of “the field”, teachers using field‐based methods work towards many different educational aims, some implicit and others explicit. Particular aims are examined, and some types of field activity are seen to be better for achieving certain aims than others. Types of field excursion are classified and some special learning benefits of working in the field are suggested. Field teachers should set clear learning objectives and carefully plan and select the experiences they intend students to have, taking into account educational aims, time available, distance, student readiness, and availability of localities and resources. Thorough briefing and debriefing are important in maximising field learning.

Analyzing Field Reality

Abstract: Introduction Field Reality Orientations Observing and Documenting Social Forms Organizational Embeddedness Conclusion

A historical account of the hypodermic model in mass communication

Abstract: This essay examines a dispute over the history of mass communication research by focusing on different accounts of the hypodermic model in mass communication literature. The essay argues that attention to the processes of historiography can help to explain how different conceptions of the hypodermic model, and different conceptions of the field's history, are embraced and articulated. Different conceptions of the history of mass communication research are related to different ideological, theoretical, and methodological commitments. The essay demonstrates that how one articulates the history of mass communication research has significant implications for how one understands and studies the media.

STUDYING CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR A Research Inventory and Agenda

Abstract: The study of contextual effects on political behavior has expanded dramatically in the last two decades. In this article we review the recent progress of the field in an attempt to develop a cohere...

X Rays and the Quest for Invisible Reality in the Art of Kupka, Duchamp, and the Cubists

Abstract: In a 1949 essay, “Some Memories of Pre-Dada: Picabia and Duchamp,” Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia recalled the years before World War I as a time characterized by “an ebullience of invention, of exploration beyond the realm of the visible and the rational in every domain of the mind—science, psychology, imagination.” And she concluded, “It would seem, moreover, that in every field, a principal direction of the 20th century was the attempt to capture the ‘nonperceptible‘.” One aspect of that imperceptible reality was “the fourth dimension,” the popular idea that the three-dimensional world of perception was merely a section of a truer four-dimensional realm, a higher reality to be discovered by sensitive artists or by those possessed of some kind of “cosmic consciousness.” Although the importance of “the fourth dimension” for early modernism has been discussed frequently in recent years, little attention has been given to a second, equally important factor contributing to the preoccupation with supersensible rea...

Social Network Analysis as Intervention Tool Examples From the Field

Abstract: This article uses cases from the field to demonstrate the potential of network analysis as an intervention tool. Social networks are defined as sets of contacts linking individuals. These networks ...

Women in the discourse of sport reports.

Abstract: Sport reporting in the media presents a discursive field which not only reflects social gender differentiation, but also strengthens these differences through the use of particular language and graphic styles.

Systems development in Scandinavia: three theoretical schools

Abstract: Scandinavian research in systems development can be grouped into three major traditions, based on quite different ideologies and theories: the systems theoretical school, the socio‐technical school and the critical school. The differences between these schools are closely related to the historical and social contexts in which they developed. External political, economic and cultural factors have strongly influenced research in this field. In particular, the basic theoretical differences between the schools reflect their different interpretations of the relationship between capital and labour.

Bibliographic Summary of Arkansas Field Botany

Abstract: Over 750 references, compiled over the past five years, are presented on floristics, taxonomy, autecology, synecology, species biology, habitat analysis, impact analysis, paleoenvironment, phytogeography, and history of fieldbotany in Arkansas. This bibliography is reported to facilitate efforts to document and interpret the flora, the vegetation, and the natural heritage of Arkansas and to encourage others to participate in that collective effort.

The Role of the Field Instructor in the Socialization of Students

Abstract: The author discusses the role of the field instructor as an agent of socialization into the social work profession. A self-assessment profile is presented to help students and field instructors ide...

Strategies for Group Work Field Instruction

Abstract: This paper focuses on characteristics of the interaction between field instructor and social work student for developing skills in social work with groups It identifies critical content for teaching in the field: worker roles, skills and techniques, self-awareness issues, and aspects of group assessment Tools and strategies for the field instructor are suggested and explained Assumptions underlying the suggested approach are set forth

Science Sublanguages and the Prospects for a Global Language of Science

Abstract: Scientists have limited access to results published in languages in which they are not fluent. One solution to the problem is suggested by some results of investigation into the nature of language generally and the language of various sciences in particular. The information provided in language is given not only by the meanings of individual words but also by the relations among words, especially by the regularities of their co-occurrence. Particular sciences, furthermore, are characterized by particular sets of such relations among words. These relational structures are shared by discourses within the same scientific field in different languages; these structures can thus be seen as expressing the information carried by language in the field irrespective of national language. Because the informational structures are discoverable in a computable way, the solution suggested here to the problem of international communication in science would at the same time provide facilities for the computer processing an...

Mothers of invention? Meshing the roles of inventor, mother, and worker

Abstract: Our focus in this study is on the social-structural and cultural barriers experienced by modern women inventors. Our aim is to discover and explore the constraints that inhibit women inventors from contributing fully to the process of innovation. Are there barriers and constraints working to make women's inventions and themselves as inventors invisible? Is this lack of recognition related to the fact that women inventors live in a patriarchal society and work as a minority group in a male-dominated field? A greater problem for women inventors than the barriers of time, finances, lack of technical skills and lack of support is a social structure that undermines the legitimacy of women's experiences as inventors. We found that women inventors interviewed for this study are reluctant to acknowledge the inventor label for themselves, no matter how successful they are as inventors. This may be rooted in societal denial of any role for women that might undermine the primacy of the socially circumscribed female role. The myth is thus perpetuated that women are not inventors, even among women inventors themselves. Voltaire's 1764 view, “There have been very learned women as there have been women warriors, but there have never been women inventors” (Alic, 1981: 305), seems to find support in Canada in the late 1980s.

Class Consciousness and the Indian Working Class : Dilemmas of Marxist Historiography

Abstract: The paper examines the relevant literature to see how the Marxian concept of 'class consciousness' has been understood and applied by authors in the field of Indian labour history and how this understanding has often structured the organisation of the narrative in their works. The paper locates certain problems in the usage of this concept and attempts to develop a critique of certain trends in Indian labour history.

Computers in Intellectual History: Lexical Statistics and the Analysis of Political Discourse

Abstract: Computers in Intellectual History: Lexical Statistics and the Analysis of Political Discourse In I981, Bouwsma pointed out to readers of this Journal that intellectual history was becoming a "new and strange" field of historical activity. This new intellectual history, he went on to argue, is based on the "history of meanings." Two disciplines, he predicted, would be necessary for the development of intellectual history in this direction: cultural anthropology and linguistics. Although the achievements of historians, inspired by the work of cultural anthropologists, including Darnton and Ginzburg, are well known, historical use of linguistics methods is less frequent. Bouwsma nevertheless suggested that the connections between language and meanings were of fundamental importance to historians as well as to social scientists. The study of language, he concluded, is likely to become "a major tool of the new intellectual history."' Bouwsma's call for a history of meanings based in part on the historical analysis of natural language comes at a time when linguists and literary scholars are using computer-assisted techniques to explore language. The appearance of increasingly powerful microcomputers, sophisticated software, and string processing languages makes language processing less expensive and more effective. Following a brief discussion of the theoretical background of applying linguistic analysis to intellectual history, this research note outlines our use of computers to perform quantitative analysis of political language. Although the limitations of such an approach are evident, in some cases quantitative analysis