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Showing papers on "Fish oil published in 1995"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1995-JAMA
TL;DR: Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest.
Abstract: Objective. —To assess whether the dietary intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood, assessed both directly and indirectly through a biomarker, is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest. Design. —Population-based case-control study. Setting. —Seattle and suburban King County, Washington. Participants —A total of 334 case patients with primary cardiac arrest, aged 25 to 74 years, attended by paramedics during 1988 to 1994 and 493 population-based control cases and controls, matched for age and sex, randomly identified from the community. All cases and controls were free of prior clinical heart disease, major comorbidity, and use of fish oil supplements. Measures of Exposure. —Spouses of case patients and control subjects were interviewed to quantify dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from seafood during the prior month and other clinical characteristics. Blood specimens from 82 cases (collected in the field) and 108 controls were analyzed to determine red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition, a biomarker of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Results. —Compared with no dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3), an intake of 5.5 g of n-3 fatty acids per month (the mean of the third quartile and the equivalent of one fatty fish meal per week) was associated with a 50% reduction in the risk of primary cardiac arrest (odds ratio [OR], 0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4 to 0.8), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Compared with a red blood cell membrane n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level of 3.3% of total fatty acids (the mean of the lowest quartile), a red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid level of 5.0% of total fatty acids (the mean of the third quartile) was associated with a 70% reduction in the risk of primary cardiac arrest (OR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.6). Conclusion. —Dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seafood is associated with a reduced risk of primary cardiac arrest. (JAMA. 1995;274:1363-1367)

948 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The inhibitory effects of dietary fish oil on human breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in this model system are ascribable to its high eicosapentaenoic Acid and docosahexaenoic acid content; the mechanism very likely involves suppression of tumor eicOSanoid biosynthesis.
Abstract: Background: Diets rich in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., corn oil and other fats containing linoleic acid) stimulate the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer cells in athymic nude mice. On the other hand, diets containing fish oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), exert suppressive effects. Purpose: Our objective was twofold: 1) to compare the effects of diets containing linoleic acid with those of diets containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on the growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells in the nude mouse model and 2) to determine how such effects relate to observed changes in the chemical content of tumor fatty acids and eicosanoid production. Methods: Groups of 30 female athymic nude mice were fed 20% (wt/wt) fat diets containing either linoleic acid (8%) alone, linoleic acid (8%) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (4%) or docosahexaenoic acid (4%), or linoleic acid (4%) plus eicosapentaenoic acid (8%) or docosahexaenoic acid (8%) for 7 days before one million MDA-MB-435 cells were injected into a thoracic mammary fat pad. Diets were continued for 12 more weeks. Primary tumors were measured weekly. The mice were then killed and necropsied, and tumor tissues preserved. Cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid analyses and eicosanoid assays were performed. All P values represent two-tailed tests of statistical significance. Results: The growth of the primary tumors was retarded in mice fed the diets supplemented with eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid compared with the growth of primary tumors in mice fed the 8% linoleic acid diet. Growth inhibition was statistically significant (P<.05) and most effective in association with the diets containing 8% of either omega-3 fatty acid, where tumors were smaller than those in the group fed the diet containing 8% linoleic acid alone at all time points after the 2nd week. The occurrence and severity of lung metastases were reduced in the groups fed omega-3 fatty acid (P<.05). In groups of mice fed eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid, the representation of these acids in tumor phospholipids increased, with a statistically significant reduction in the concentrations of arachidonic acid (all groups), tumor 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and prostaglandin E. Levels of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and leukotriene B4 were unaffected by the omega-3 fatty acids. Conclusion: The inhibitory effects of dietary fish oil on human breast cancer cell growth and metastasis in this model system are ascribable to its high eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content; the mechanism very likely involves suppression of tumor eicosanoid biosynthesis. Implication: Future dietary intervention trials designed to reduce the risk of recurrence in the postsurgical breast cancer patient should include the evaluation of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation

289 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nature of the lipid consumed in the diet has significant effects upon the production of a variety of inflammatory mediators by macrophages, particularly the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oils.

233 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: When body weight is forcibly kept constant, substitution of unsaturated oils such as olive oil for hard fats rich in saturated or trans fatty acids will produce a more favorable lipoprotein profile than replacement of fat by carbohydrates, however, high-oil diets might lead to obesity, which would undo their favorable effects.

231 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients taking dietary supplements of fish oil exhibit improvements in clinical parameters of disease activity from baseline, including the number of tender joints, and these improvements are associated with significant decreases in levels of IL-1 beta from baseline.
Abstract: Objective. To determine the following: 1) whether dietary supplementation with fish oil will allow the discontinuation of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 2) the clinical efficacy of high-dose dietary ω3 fatty acid fish oil supplementation in RA patients; and 3) the effect of fish oil supplements on the production of multiple cytokines in this population. Methods. Sixty-six RA patients entered a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective study of fish oil supplementation while taking diclofenac (75 mg twice a day). Patients took either 130 mg/kg/day of ω3 fatty acids or 9 capsules/day of corn oil. Placebo diclofenac was substituted at week 18 or 22, and fish oil supplements were continued for 8 weeks (to week 26 or 30). Serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline and during the study. Results. In the group taking fish oil, there were significant decreases from baseline in the mean (±SEM) number of tender joints (5.3 ± 0.835; P < 0.0001), duration of morning stiffness (−67.7 ± 23.3 minutes; P = 0.008), physician's and patient's evaluation of global arthritis activity (−0.33 ± 0.13; P = 0.017 and −0.38 ± 0.17; P = 0.036, respectively), and physician's evaluation of pain (−0.38 ± 0.12; P = 0.004). In patients taking corn oil, no clinical parameters improved from baseline. The decrease in the number of tender joints remained significant 8 weeks after discontinuing diclofenac in patients taking fish oil (−7.8 ± 2.6; P = 0.011) and the decrease in the number of tender joints at this time was significant compared with that in patients receiving corn oil (P = 0.043). IL-1β decreased significantly from baseline through weeks 18 and 22 in patients consuming fish oil (−7.7 ± 3.1; P = 0.026). Conclusion. Patients taking dietary supplements of fish oil exhibit improvements in clinical parameters of disease activity from baseline, including the number of tender joints, and these improvements are associated with significant decreases in levels of IL-1β from baseline. Some patients who take fish oil are able to discontinue NSAIDs without experiencing a disease flare.

228 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a randomized clinical trial tested whether fish oil supplements can improve human coronary atherosclerosis and found that fish oil treatment for 2 years does not promote major favorable changes in the diameter of atherosclerotic coronary arteries.

214 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that dietary fish oil increases the susceptibility of turbot tissue to in vivo and in vitro fatty acid peroxidation, the in vitro test being more sensitive.

204 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From the standpoint of atherosclerosis, fish oil fatty acids adversely raise the susceptibility of LDL to copper-induced and macrophage-mediated oxidation but that the increase in plasma LDL cholesterol concentration reflects an increase in size that may be favorable.

193 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The significantly higher concentrations of 11,14-eicosadienoic acid found in the muscle of the charr fed diets containing SO and CO, indicates that brook charr have a capacity to elongate linoleic acid (18:2n-6), similar to other species of salmonids.

182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Children born to mothers supplemented with fish oil in the last trimester of pregnancy start with a better docosahexaenoic acid status at birth, which may be beneficial to neonatal neurodevelopment.
Abstract: Healthy pregnant women (n 23) were supplemented with fish-oil capsules (2.7 g n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids/d) from the 30th week of gestation until delivery. Subjects in a control group were either supplemented with olive-oil capsules (4 g/d, n 6) or received no supplementation (n 10). Fatty acid compositions of the phospholipids isolated from umbilical plasma and umbilical arterial and venous vessel walls were determined. Fatty acid compositions of maternal venous plasma phospholipids were determined as well. Maternal plasma phospholipids of the fish-oil-supplemented group contained more n-3 fatty acids and less n-6 fatty acids. Moreover, the amounts of the essential fatty acid deficiency markers Mead acid (20 :3n-9) and Osbond acid (22 :5n-6) were significantly lower. The extra amount of n-3 fatty acids consumed by the mothers resulted in higher contents of n-3 fatty acids, and of docosahexaenoic acid (22 :6n-3) in particular, in the phospholipids of umbilical plasma and vessel walls. It is, indeed, possible to interfere with the docosahexaenoic acid status at birth : children born to mothers supplemented with fish oil in the last trimester of pregnancy start with a better docosahexaenoic acid status at birth, which may be beneficial to neonatal neurodevelopment.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Kari Almendingen1, Odd Jordal1, Peter Kierulf1, B Sandstad1, Jan I. Pedersen1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO-diet), PHSO-Diet, and butterfat (butterdiet) on serum lipids and lipoprotein in 31 young men were compared.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension, where participants were randomly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, 4 g/d, or corn oil placebo for 16 weeks.
Abstract: Objective To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients 78 persons with untreated hypertension recruited from a population survey. Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to receive eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, 4 g/d, or corn oil placebo, 4 g/d, for 16 weeks. Measurements An oral glucose tolerance test; assessments of insulin release, glucose disposal, and insulin sensitivity done using the hyperglycemic clamp technique to keep plasma glucose levels at 10 mmol/L for 180 minutes; assessment of insulin sensitivity done using a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique (infusing insulin and glucose to keep plasma glucose levels at 5 mmol/L); assessments of lipid levels and blood pressure. Measurements were done before and after intervention. Results Changes in integrated glucose and insulin response after the oral glucose challenge did not differ between the fish oil and corn oil groups after intervention (-0.6 +/- 0.7 compared with -1.0 +/- 0.6 mmol/L [P > 0.3] for integrated glucose and 143 +/- 76 compared with 169 +/- 84 pmol/L [P > 0.3] for insulin response). Changes in first-phase insulin release (34 +/- 72 pmol/L in the fish oil group compared with 191 +/- 112 pmol/L in the corn oil group [P > 0.3]), second-phase insulin release (179 +/- 66 pmol/L compared with 257 +/- 122 pmol/L [P > 0.3]), and insulin sensitivity index (-0.03 +/- 0.01 compared with -0.01 +/- 0.01 [mumol/kg.min divided by pmol/L]; P > 0.3) were also similar in both groups after treatment. Fish oil lowered systolic blood pressure by 3.8 mm Hg more than control (P = 0.04) and lowered diastolic blood pressure by 2.0 mm Hg more than control (P = 0.10). After fish oil treatment, triglyceride levels decreased by 0.28 +/- 0.08 mmol/L more than control (P = 0.01), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased by 0.13 +/- 0.04 mmol/L more than control (P = 0.01). Conclusion Fish oil, in doses that reduce blood pressure and lipid levels in hypertensive persons, does not adversely affect glucose metabolism.

01 Jan 1995
TL;DR: It is indicated that consumption of PHFO may unfavorably affect lipid risk indicators for coronary heart disease at least to the same extent as butterfat.
Abstract: We have compared the effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO-diet), partially hydrogenated soy- bean oil (PHSO-diet), and butterfat (butter-diet) on serum lipids and lipoprotein(a) in 31 young men. The three test marga- rines, which contributed 78% of total fat in the diets, were produced from 70% of butterfat, PHSO, or PHFO, each with 30% of soybean oil. Fat provided about 35% of energy, and trans fatty acids 0.9%, 8.5%, and 8.0% of energy in the butter-, the PHSO-, and the PHFO-diet, respectively. Dietary cholesterol was balanced by the addition of dried egg powder to the PHSO-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that fish consumption is associated with protection against the later promotional stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, but not with the early initiation stages.
Abstract: Although there is a strong positive association between total fat consumption and colorectal and breast cancer risk, there is evidence that n-3 fatty acids, mainly found in fish oil, are protective. If this is so, we would expect to be able to detect an inverse correlation between fish consumption and colorectal cancer and breast cancer mortality. Mortality data for breast and colorectal cancer in 24 European countries were correlated with current fish and fish oil consumption and with consumption 10 and 23 years previously. In males there was an inverse correlation between colorectal cancer mortality and current intake of fish (P = 0.036), a weaker correlation with fish consumption 10 years earlier (P = 0.042) and none with consumption 23 years earlier (P = 0.12). The data were not statistically significant in females. There was no correlation at all between breast cancer mortality and fish or fish oil consumption at any time. It is concluded that fish consumption is associated with protection against the later promotional stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, but not with the early initiation stages. The results are discussed in terms of the role of prostaglandins in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot, as similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney.
Abstract: Five purified diets containing AA (20:4n-6) at 0.02–0.78% dry weight and DHA (22:6n-3) at 0.93–0.17% dry weight were fed to duplicate groups of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) of initial weight 0.87 g for a period of 11 weeks. The dietary DHA:AA ratio ranged from 62 to 0.2. Incorporation of AA into liver phospholipids increased with increasing dietary AA input. Phospholipids from fish fed diets containing 0.02, 0.06 and 0.11% of dry weight as AA generally contained less AA compared to fish fed fish oil while those fed diets containing 0.35 and 0.78% of dry weight as AA had higher AA levels in their phospholipids. The highest levels of AA were found in PI but the greatest percentage increase in AA incorporation was in PE and PC. Brain phospholipid fatty acid compositions were less altered by dietary treatment than those of liver but DHA content of PC and PE in brain was substantially lower in fish fed 0.93% pure DHA compared to those fed fish oil. This suggests that dietary DHA must exceed 1% of dry weight to satisfy the requirements of the developing neural system in juvenile turbot. In both tissues, (20:5n-3) concentration was inversely related to both dietary and tissue PI AA concentration. Similar dietary induced changes in AA, EPA and DHA concentrations occurred in the phospholipids of heart, gill and kidney. PGE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α were measured in homogenates of heart, brain, gill and kidney. In general, fish fed the lowest dietary AA levels had reduced levels of prostaglandins in their tissue homogenates while those fed the highest level of AA had increased prostaglandin levels, compared to fish fed fish oil. In brains, the PGE2 concentration was only significantly increased in fish fed the highest dietary AA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The antiarrhythmic potential of fish oil was evaluated in patients free from complex ventricular arrhythmias and severe heart failure and recent data suggest that frequent VPCs in patients similar to the study population may reflect subclinical cardiac disease amenable to the multiple beneficial actions of n-3 fatty acids.
Abstract: For ethical and practical reasons, in this study the antiarrhythmic potential of fish oil was evaluated in patients free from complex ventricular arrhythmias and severe heart failure. Although subjects without overt structural heart disease had ventricular arrhythmias that were not associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac or coronary death, recent data suggest that frequent VPCs in patients similar to our study population may reflect subclinical cardiac disease amenable to the multiple beneficial actions of n-3 fatty acids. The potential and safety of fish oil as a treatment for more complex cardiac arrhythmias or arrhythmias in higher risk patients with more severe heart disease deserve further study.

Journal Article
TL;DR: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 78 persons with untreated, stable hypertension to study the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose and insulin kinetics, blood pressure, serum lipids, and the incorporation of fatty acid into plasma phospholipids.
Abstract: Objective: To determine whether dietary supplementation with fish oil adversely affects glycemic control in patients with hypertension. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. P...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The photoprotection against UVA-provocation of a papular response suggests a clinical application for fish oil in polymorphic light eruption and reduction of UV-induced inflammation by fish oil may be due to lowered prostaglandin E2 levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results from these studies indicate that fish oil feeding reduces rat liver apolipoproteins A-I and apo A-II gene expression, similar to results obtained after feeding fenofibrate.
Abstract: The regulation by fibrates and dietary fatty acids of the hepatic gene expression of apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and A-II, the major protein constituents of high-density lipoproteins, as well as of acyl-CoA oxidase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, was studied in vivo in the rat and in vitro in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. In primary hepatocytes, different fibrates decreased apo A-I and increased acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA levels, whereas apo A-II mRNA only decreased in level after treatment with fenofibric acid, but not after bezafibrate, gemfibrozil or Wy-14643 treatment. Treatment with fenofibric acid counteracted the increase in apo A-I mRNA levels observed after dexamethasone or all-trans retinoic acid treatment, whereas simultaneous addition of fenofibric acid together with all-trans retinoic acid or dexamethasone resulted in a superinduction of acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA. Addition of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosanohexaenoic acid and eicosanopentaenoic acid, or the fatty acid derivative alpha-bromopalmitate, decreased apo A-I and increased acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner, whereas apo A-II mRNA did not change significantly. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that fenofibric acid and alpha-bromopalmitate decreased apo A-I and increased acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression at the transcriptional level. When rats were fed isocaloric diets enriched in saturated fat (hydrogenated coconut oil), n-6 PUFAs (safflower oil) or n-3 PUFAs (fish oil), a significant decrease in liver apo A-I and apo A-II mRNA levels was only observed after fish oil feeding. Compared to feeding low fat, liver acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA increased after fat feeding, but this effect was most pronounced (twofold) in rats fed fish oil. Results from these studies indicate that fish oil feeding reduces rat liver apo A-I and apo A-II gene expression, similar to results obtained after feeding fenofibrate. Fibrates and n-3 fatty acids (and the fatty acid derivative, alpha-bromopalmitate) down-regulate apo A-I and induce acyl-CoA oxidase gene expression through a direct transcriptional action on the hepatocyte. In contrast, only fenofibric acid, but not the other fibrates or fatty acids tested, decrease apo A-II gene expression in vitro.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Low erythrocyte levels of omega-3 fatty acids and high levels of some omega-6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, appear to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.
Abstract: Preeclampsia is a systemic disease characterized by diffuse endothelial dysfunction, increased peripheral vascular resistance, coagulation abnormalities, antioxidant deficiency, persistent elevations of maternal leukocyte-derived cytokines, and hyperlipidemia. Fish oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, is known to reduce fasting and postprandial triglycerides and to decrease platelet and leukocyte reactivity; it may also decrease blood pressure. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids may beneficially influence vessel wall characteristics and blood rheology. In light of the potential beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids, we conducted a cross-sectional case-control study to examine the hypothesized exposure-effect relation between maternal dietary intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids and risk of preeclampsia. We measured polyunsaturated fatty acids in erythrocytes obtained from 22 preeclamptic women and 40 normotensive women; we measured polyunsaturated fatty acids as the percentage of total fatty acids from gas chromatography. We employed logistic regression procedures to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After adjusting for confounders, women with the lowest levels of omega-3 fatty acids were 7.6 times more likely to have had their pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia as compared with those women with the highest levels of omega-3 fatty acids (95% CI = 1.4-40.6). A 15% increase in the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids was associated with a 46% reduction in risk of preeclampsia (OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.41-0.72). Low erythrocyte levels of omega-3 fatty acids and high levels of some omega-6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, appear to be associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings indicate that the long-term ingestion of large amounts of n-3 fatty acids in humans resulted in their incorporation into the adipose tissue fatty acids, which warrants consideration for use in clinical studies requiring precise documentation of long- term n- 3 fatty acid consumption.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of feeding rats a range of fats with differing fatty acid compositions, and the total lipid content of the livers from rats fed the high fat diets was greater than that of those from Rats fed the LF diet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Protective effects of the free fatty acids may contribute, at least in part, to their reported preventive effects on ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1995-Lipids
TL;DR: Feeding a diet rich in menhaden oil decreased the growth of human mammary carcinoma MX-1, increased its responsiveness to MC, and increased its susceptibility to endogenous and MC-induced oxidative stress, and indicates that the type of dietary fat may be important in tumor response to therapy.
Abstract: In the present study, we investigated the effects of high levels of dietary fish oil on the growth of MX-1 human mammary carcinoma and its response to mitomycin C (MC) treatment in athymic mice We found that high levels of dietary fish oil (20% menhaden oil+5% corn oil, w/w) compared to a control diet (5% corn oil, w/w) not only lowered the tumor growth rate, but also increased the tumor response to MC treatment We also found that high levels of dietary fish oil significantly increased the activities of tumor xanthine oxidase and DT-diaphorase, which are proposed to be involved in the bioreductive activation of MC Since menhaden oil is highly unsaturated, its intake caused a significant increase in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation in tumor membrane phospholipids This alteration in tumor membrane phospholipids made the tumor more susceptible to oxidative stress, as indicated by the increased levels of both endogenous lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation after feeding the host animals the menhaden oil diet In addition, the tumor antioxidant enzyme activities, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPOx), and glutathione S-transferase peroxidase (GSTPx), were all significantly enhanced by feeding a diet high in fish oil MC treatment caused further increases in tumor lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, as well as in the activities of CAT, SOD, GPOx, and GSTPx, suggesting that MC causes oxidative stress in this tumor model which is exacerbated by feeding a diet high in menhaden oil Thus, feeding a diet rich in menhaden oil decreased the growth of human mammary carcinoma MX-1, increased its responsiveness to MC, and increased its susceptibility to endogenous and MC-induced oxidative stress, and increased the tumor activities of two enzymes proposed to be involved in the bioactivation of MC, that is, DT-diaphorase and xanthine oxidase These findings support a role of these two enzymes in the bioactivating of MC and indicate that the type of dietary fat may be important in tumor response to therapy

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1995-Cytokine
TL;DR: To investigate the effects of dietary lipid manipulation on the production of IL-2,IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma by lymphocytes, mice were fed for 8 weeks on a low fat (LF) diet or one of 4 high fat diets, which contained 20% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), olive oil (OO), safflower oil (SO) or menhaden oil (MO).

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1995-Bone
TL;DR: Diet supplementation with relatively high GLA:EPA ratios are more effective in inhibiting bone resorption than LA:ALA, and bone calcium content increased significantly in the same dietary groups.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that regular substitution of canola oil for other dietary lipid sources may assist in reducing the likelihood of a transient ischemic event leading to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, but the effectiveness of alpha-linolenic acid is reduced by high levels of linoleic acid.
Abstract: Previous research showed that dietary fish oil was potently antiarrhythmic in rats but olive oil was not. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that canola oil, another major dietary source of oleic acid additionally containing the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)], can reduce vulnerability to cardiac arrhythmia in rats. Rats were randomly assigned to one of four experimental diet groups for 12 wk. The fat source in the diets was 12% olive (63% oleic acid), canola (55% oleic, 8% alpha-linolenic acid), soybean [50% linoleic 18:2(n-6), 7% alpha-linolenic acid] or sunflower seed oil (64% linoleic acid). Arrhythmias were induced by coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Incidence of ventricular fibrillation, mortality and arrhythmia score during reperfusion were significantly lower in rats fed the diet containing canola oil than in those fed the olive oil diet. No difference in the severity of arrhythmias was seen in groups fed diets containing soybean or sunflower seed oils. Analysis of myocardial phospholipid fatty acids showed that consumption of canola oil decreased the ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to the other diets, as does dietary fish oil. These results suggest that regular substitution of canola oil for other dietary lipid sources may assist in reducing the likelihood of a transient ischemic event leading to life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, but the effectiveness of alpha-linolenic acid is reduced by high levels of linoleic acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These results indicate no beneficial effect of increased fish oil consumption on the incidence of a first myocardial infarction, and results adjusted for major cardiovascular risk factors showed a very similar lack of association between fish oil levels and the incidence in case and control participants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 6 wk of n-3 fatty acid supplementation lowers triacylglycerols in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without worsening glycemic control but increases glycerol gluconeogenesis, which could contribute to deterioration of gly glucose control during long-term treatment with high doses of fish-oil supplements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 3-month's supplementation with alpha-LNA did not prove to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis, and dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA was used to decrease the ratio of AA to EPA or DHA to obtain beneficial clinical effects.
Abstract: In rheumatoid arthris s various pro-inflammatory metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), contribute to tissue destruction and pain. In contrast to AA, which is an omega-6 fatty acid, the omega-3 fatty acids, after having been liberated from the cell membrane phospholipids, are further converted into the non-or anti-inflammatory eicosanoids LTB5 and PGI3. AA concentration is an important regulatory step in the synthesis of both prostanoids and leukotriens. Dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has therefore been used to decrease the ratio of AA to EPA or DHA to obtain beneficial clinical effects. EPA and DHA are found in animal fat and are quite expensive compared to their precursor alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) found in flaxseed oil. We, therefore, performed a placebocontrolled trial with alpha-LNA in 22 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using a linoleic acid preparation as a placebo. After a 3-month follow-up, the treatment group showed an increased bleeding time, but the clinical, subjective (global assessment, classification of functional status, joint score index, visual analogue scale, pain tendereness score) and laboratory parameters (haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein) did not show any statistical alterations. AA, EPA and DHA did not change either in spite of a significant increase in alpha-LNA in the treatment group. Thus, 3-month's supplementation with alpha-LNA did not prove to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis.