Showing papers on "Fish oil published in 2007"
TL;DR: In Westernized societies, average consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) far exceeds nutritional requirements, and adequate powered trials are required to determine the extent to which this aspect of the authors' diets does influence their fertility.
Abstract: In Westernized societies, average consumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) far exceeds nutritional requirements. The ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs is generally >10:1 whereas on a primitive human diet it was closer to 1:1. Diets fed to intensively farmed livestock have followed a similar trend. Both n-6 and n-3 PUFAs can influence reproductive processes through a variety of mechanisms. They provide the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis and can modulate the expression patterns of many key enzymes involved in both prostaglandin and steroid metabolism. They are essential components of all cell membranes. The proportions of different PUFAs in tissues of the reproductive tract reflect dietary consumption. PUFA supplements (particularly n-3 PUFAs in fish oil) are promoted for general health reasons. Fish oils may also benefit fertility in cattle and reduce the risk of preterm labor in women, but in both cases current evidence to support this is inconclusive. Gamma-linolenic acid containing oils can alter the types of prostaglandins produced by cells in vitro, but published data to support claims relating to effects on reproductive health are lacking. Spermatozoa require a high PUFA content to provide the plasma membrane with the fluidity essential at fertilization. However, this makes spermatozoa particularly vulnerable to attack by reactive oxygen species, and lifestyle factors promoting oxidative stress have clear associations with reduced fertility. Adequately powered trials that control for the ratios of different PUFAs consumed are required to determine the extent to which this aspect of our diets does influence our fertility.
668 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the in vitro specificities of prostanoid enzymes and receptors toward EPA-derived, 3-series versus AA derived, 2-series prostanoids substrates and products were reported.
398 citations
TL;DR: Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9-wk feeding period.
Abstract: Fly larvae may provide an effective method to mitigate two large and growing global concerns: the use of fish meal derived from capture fisheries in aquaculture diets and manure management in livestock and poultry facilities A 9-wk feed trial was conducted to determine whether fly larvae could be used as a partial fish meal and fish oil replacement in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets A trout diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 15% fat Sixty-seven percent of the protein in the control diet was derived from fish meal, and all the fat was derived from fish oil Two of the test diets included using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae, which are 40% protein and 30% fat, as 25 and 50% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet The total protein derived from black soldier fly prepupae in these two test diets was 15 and 34%, respectively A third test diet included using housefly, Musca domestica, pupae, which is 70% protein and 16% fat, as 25% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9-wk feeding period In addition, the diet with black soldier fly prepupae permitted a 38% reduction in fish oil (ie, from 13 to 8%); however, fish fed black soldier fly diets low in fish oil had reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their muscle fillets The findings from this study suggest that either the black soldier fly or the housefly may be a suitable feedstuff for rainbow trout diets
382 citations
TL;DR: Omega-3 fatty-acid-enhanced prepupae in the black soldier fly may be a suitable fish meal and fish oil replacement for carnivorous fish and other animal diets and may provide a method of reducing and recycling fish offal from processing plants.
Abstract: .— The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, has the potential to reduce animal waste on livestock facilities and produce an animal-grade feedstuff high in protein and fat. The lipid content of insects is largely dependent on their diet. Data from this study suggest that black soldier fly prepupae incorporate α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) when fish offal is included in their diet. Fly larvae were fed three different proportions of fish offal and cow manure diets over a 21-d trial. An additional group of larvae were fed 22% fish offal diet within 24 h of their pupation. Larvae fed fish offal were, on average, 30% lipid, which was 43% more than the controls fed cow manure only, and approximately 3% of this lipid was omega-3 fatty acids (EPA, DHA, and ALA). Furthermore, this concentration of omega-3 fatty acids was achieved within 24 h of feeding fish offal. These omega-3 fatty-acid-enhanced prepupae may be a suitable fish meal and fish oil replacement for carnivorous fish and other animal diets. In addition, they may provide a method of reducing and recycling fish offal from processing plants.
349 citations
TL;DR: DHA may be more effective than EPA in alleviating LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages - an effect that may be partly mediated by NF-kappaB.
Abstract: A number of studies have investigated the effects of fish oil on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines using peripheral blood mononuclear cell models. The majority of these studies have employed heterogeneous blends of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which preclude examination of the individual effects of LC n-3 PUFA. This study investigated the differential effects of pure EPA and DHA on cytokine expression and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in human THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Pretreatment with 100 microM EPA and DHA significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophage tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL) 1beta and IL-6 production (P<.02), compared to control cells. Both EPA and DHA reduced TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA expression. In all cases, the effect of DHA was significantly more potent than that of EPA (P<.01). Furthermore, a low dose (25 microM) of DHA had a greater inhibitory effect than that of EPA on macrophage IL-1beta (P<.01 and P<.04, respectively) and IL-6 (P<.003 and P<.003, respectively) production following 0.01 and 0.1 microg/ml LPS stimulation. Both EPA and DHA down-regulated LPS-induced NF-kappaB/DNA binding in THP-1 macrophages by approximately 13% (P< or =.03). DHA significantly decreased macrophage nuclear p65 expression (P< or =.05) and increased cytoplasmic IkappaBalpha expression (P< or =.05). Although similar trends were observed with EPA, they were not significant. Our findings suggest that DHA may be more effective than EPA in alleviating LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages - an effect that may be partly mediated by NF-kappaB. Further work is required to elucidate additional divergent mechanisms to account for apparent differences between EPA and DHA.
320 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that EPA increases adiponectin secretion in rodent models of obesity and human obese subjects, possibly through the improvement of the inflammatory changes in obese adipose tissue.
Abstract: Objectives— Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or n-3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. Here we investigated the effect of highly purifi...
314 citations
TL;DR: The long-chain n-3 FA, especially DHA, were consistently and significantly reduced in patients experiencing CHD events, adding further support to the view that long- Chain n- 3 FA are cardioprotective.
290 citations
TL;DR: In young, overweight men, the inclusion of either lean or fatty fish, or fish oil as part of an energy-restricted diet resulted in ∼1 kg more weight loss after 4 weeks, than did a similar diet without seafood or supplement of marine origin.
Abstract: To investigate the effect of including seafood and fish oils, as part of an energy-restricted diet, on weight loss in young overweight adults. Randomized controlled trial of energy-restricted diet varying in fish and fish oil content was followed for 8 weeks. Subjects were randomized to one of four groups: (1) control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood); (2) lean fish (3 × 150 g portions of cod/week); (3) fatty fish (3 × 150 g portions of salmon/week); (4) fish oil (DHA/EPA capsules, no seafood). The macronutrient composition of the diets was similar between the groups and the capsule groups, were single-blinded. A total of 324 men and women aged 20–40 years, BMI 27.5–32.5 kg/m2 from Iceland, Spain and Ireland. Anthropometric data were collected at baseline, midpoint and endpoint. Confounding factors were accounted for, with linear models, for repeated measures with two-way interactions. The most important interactions for weight loss were (diet × energy intake), (gender × diet) and (gender × initial-weight). An average man in the study (95 kg at baseline receiving 1600 kcal/day) was estimated to lose 3.55 kg (95% CI, 3.14–3.97) (1); 4.35 kg (95% CI, 3.94–4.75) (2); 4.50 kg (95% CI, 4.13–4.87) (3) and 4.96 kg (95% CI, 4.53–5.40) on diet (4) in 4 weeks, from baseline to midpoint. The weight-loss from midpoint to endpoint was 0.45 (0.41–0.49) times the observed weight loss from baseline to midpoint. The diets did not differ in their effect on weight loss in women. Changes in measures of body composition were in line with changes in body weight. In young, overweight men, the inclusion of either lean or fatty fish, or fish oil as part of an energy-restricted diet resulted in ∼1 kg more weight loss after 4 weeks, than did a similar diet without seafood or supplement of marine origin. The addition of seafood to a nutritionally balanced energy-restricted diet may boost weight loss.
257 citations
TL;DR: The results of the present study show that dietary n-3 fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into human myocardial phospholipids at the expense of arachidonic acid during high-dose fish-oil supplementation.
246 citations
TL;DR: Clinicians should be aware of available information to best assess their relative safety, which includes the US Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency advisory statement regarding fish consumption, the meaning of certain labeling (such as "verification" through the US Pharmacopeia) and the differences in FDA regulatory requirements between nonprescription fish oil supplements and prescription fish oil preparations.
Abstract: It has been suggested that the potential antithrombotic effect of fish oils may theoretically increase the risk for bleeding, which may be a safety concern for individual patients. However, clinical trial evidence has not supported increased bleeding with omega-3 fatty acid intake, even when combined with other agents that might also increase bleeding (such as aspirin and warfarin). Another potential safety concern is the susceptibility of omega-3 fatty acid preparations to undergo oxidation, which contributes to patient intolerance and potential toxicity. Finally, large amounts of fish consumption may result in adverse experiences due to the potential presence of environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other contaminants. The risks of exposure to environmental toxins and hypervitaminosis with fish consumption are substantially reduced through purification processes used to develop selected concentrated fish oil supplements and prescription preparations. Thus, in choosing which fish oil therapies to recommend, clinicians should be aware of available information to best assess their relative safety, which includes the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advisory statement regarding fish consumption, the meaning of certain labeling (such as "verification" through the US Pharmacopeia) and the differences in FDA regulatory requirements between nonprescription fish oil supplements and prescription fish oil preparations, and how all of this is important to the optimal treatment of patients.
241 citations
TL;DR: Increasing intake of n-3 FAs could be a useful adjunct to exercise programs aimed at improving body composition and decreasing cardiovascular disease risk.
TL;DR: The results show that the replacement of fish oil with soybean or linseed oil in sharpsnout seabream diets does not affect growth or feed utilization after three months of feeding, and the SO diet was the least expensive diet, and had the best economic conversion ratio.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids protect from high-fat diet–induced hepatic insulin resistance in a PPAR-α–and diacylglycerol-dependent manner is supported.
Abstract: Recent studies have suggested that n-3 fatty acids, abundant in fish oil, protect against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha activation and a subsequent decrease in intracellular lipid abundance. To directly test this hypothesis, we fed PPAR-alpha null and wild-type mice for 2 weeks with isocaloric high-fat diets containing 27% fat from either safflower oil or safflower oil with an 8% fish oil replacement (fish oil diet). In both genotypes the safflower oil diet blunted insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production (P < 0.02 vs. genotype control) and PEPCK gene expression. Feeding wild-type mice a fish oil diet restored hepatic insulin sensitivity (hepatic glucose production [HGP], P < 0.002 vs. wild-type mice fed safflower oil), whereas in contrast, in PPAR-alpha null mice failed to counteract hepatic insulin resistance (HGP, P = NS vs. PPAR-alpha null safflower oil-fed mice). In PPAR-alpha null mice fed the fish oil diet, safflower oil plus fish oil, hepatic insulin resistance was dissociated from increases in hepatic triacylglycerol and acyl-CoA but accompanied by a more than threefold increase in hepatic diacylglycerol concentration (P < 0.0001 vs. genotype control). These data support the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids protect from high-fat diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance in a PPAR-alpha-and diacylglycerol-dependent manner.
TL;DR: FO supplementation from gestation week 22 until delivery improves fetal n-3 LC-PUFA status and attenuates depletion of maternal stores, and MTHF may further enhance maternal n-2 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the consumption of equal amounts of EPA and DHA from oily fish on a weekly basis or from fish-oil capsules on a daily basis is equally effective at enriching blood lipids with n-3 FAs.
TL;DR: Surprisingly, farmed salmon had approximately 25% of the vitamin D content as wild salmon had, suggesting that the tables that list theitamin D content are out-of-date and need to be re-evaluated.
TL;DR: Clinical trials with DHA-rich oil indicate comparable efficacies to fish oil for protection from cardiovascular risk factors by lowering plasma triglycerides and oxidative stress and possible protective mechanisms of EPA/DHA in major diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer and type 2 diabetes.
Abstract: Long-chain EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can be co-preventative and co-therapeutic. Current research suggests increasing accumulated long chain omega-3s for health benefits and as natural medicine in several major diseases. But many believe plant omega-3 sources are nutritionally and therapeutically equivalent to the EPA/DHA omega-3 in fish oil. Although healthy, precursor ALA bio-conversion to EPA is inefficient and production of DHA is nearly absent, limiting the protective value of ALA supplementation from flax-oil, for example. Along with pollutants certain fish acquire high levels of EPA/DHA as predatory species. However, the origin of EPA/DHA in aquatic ecosystems is algae. Certain microalgae produce high levels of EPA or DHA. Now, organically produced DHA-rich microalgae oil is available. Clinical trials with DHA-rich oil indicate comparable efficacies to fish oil for protection from cardiovascular risk factors by lowering plasma triglycerides and oxidative stress. This review discusses 1) omega-3 fatty acids in nutrition and medicine; 2) omega-3s in physiology and gene regulation; 3) possible protective mechanisms of EPA/DHA in major diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, cancer and type 2 diabetes; 4) EPA and DHA requirements considering fish oil safety; and 5) microalgae EPA and DHA-rich oils and recent clinical results.
TL;DR: It is concluded that chronic feeding of menhaden oil provides a novel nutritional mean to enhance insulin‐sensitive aspects of protein metabolism.
Abstract: The ability of the skeletal musculature to use amino acids to build or renew constitutive proteins is gradually lost with age and this is partly due to a decline in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Since long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) from fish oil are known to improve insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant states, their potential role in regulating insulin-mediated protein metabolism was investigated in this study. Experimental data are based on a switchback design composed of three 5 week experimental periods using six growing steers to compare the effect of a continuous abomasal infusion of LCn-3PUFA-rich menhaden oil with an iso-energetic control oil mixture. Clamp and insulin signalling observations were combined with additional data from a second cohort of six steers. We found that enteral LCn-3PUFA potentiate insulin action by increasing the insulin-stimulated whole-body disposal of amino acids from 152 to 308 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) (P=0.006). The study further showed that in the fed steady-state, chronic adaptation to LCn-3PUFA induces greater activation (P<0.05) of the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 signalling pathway. Simultaneously, whole-body total flux of phenylalanine was reduced from 87 to 67 micromol kg(-1) h(-1) (P=0.04) and oxidative metabolism was decreased (P=0.05). We conclude that chronic feeding of menhaden oil provides a novel nutritional mean to enhance insulin-sensitive aspects of protein metabolism.
TL;DR: During the period of high energy demand (parr-smolt transformation), fish fed VO exhibited significantly lower β-oxidation capacity than fish fed FO, coinciding with low FAPV and low specific growth rate (SGR).
Abstract: The major aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of substituting fish oil (FO) for a vegetable oil blend (VO) as dietary lipid source on lipid catabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The experiment endured from the start of feeding until the salmon reached 2.5 kg. Total and peroxisomal β-oxidation capacities were determined in red and white muscle and liver. In addition, fatty acid productive value (FAPV) was calculated during the four time periods the experiment was divided into. In all the three tissues, an increased β-oxidation capacity was found prior to seawater transfer; however, calculating the difference between the peroxisomal β-oxidation capacity and the total, the peroxisomal β-oxidation increased more than the mitochondrial β-oxidation capacity. Hence, in liver and red muscle, 100%and 70%, respectively, of the total β-oxidation capacity was accounted by peroxisomes prior to seawater transfer, compared with approximately 60% and 3% during the seawater phase. In contrast, white-muscle mitochondria was the main organelle responsible for oxidizing fatty acids during the entire experiment (>90%). However, during the period of high energy demand (parr-smolt transformation), fish fed VO exhibited significantly lower β-oxidation capacity than fish fed FO, coinciding with low FAPV and low specific growth rate (SGR). Further, during periods of high growth rate, fish oxidized even essential fatty acids (18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, and 22:6n-3) when given in surplus. Low dietary levels of essential fatty acids gave significantly higher FAPV of these fatty acids in the whole body. However, the FAPV of 22:1n-11 was low, indicating that this fatty acid is highly utilized as a substrate for β-oxidation, irrespective of the dietary levels. There were no differences in whole lipid content between fish fed either FO or VO.
TL;DR: In controlled trials, prescription omega‐3 fatty acids were well tolerated, with a low rate of both adverse events and treatment‐associated discontinuations, and should prove to be valuable for the medical management of hypertriglyceridemia.
Abstract: A prescription form of omega-3 fatty acids has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as an adjunct to diet for the treatment of very high triglyceride levels. The active ingredients of omega-3 fatty acids are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are responsible for the triglyceride lowering. The prescription product contains a total of 0.84 g of these two active ingredients in every 1-g capsule of omega-3 fatty acids. The total EPA and DHA dose recommended for triglyceride lowering is approximately 2-4 g/day. Fish oil products containing EPA and DHA are available without a prescription, but the American Heart Association advises that therapy with EPA and DHA to lower very high triglyceride levels should be used only under a physician's care. In patients with triglyceride levels above 500 mg/dl, approximately 4 g/day of EPA and DHA reduces triglyceride levels 45% and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by more than 50%. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels may increase depending on the baseline triglyceride level, but the net effect of EPA and DHA therapy is a reduction in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Alternatively, patients may receive one of the fibrates (gemfibrozil or fenofibrate) or niacin for triglyceride lowering if their triglyceride levels are higher than 500 mg/dl. In controlled trials, prescription omega-3 fatty acids were well tolerated, with a low rate of both adverse events and treatment-associated discontinuations. The availability of prescription omega-3 fatty acids, which ensures consistent quality and purity, should prove to be valuable for the medical management of hypertriglyceridemia.
TL;DR: Replacement of fish oil and meal with vegetable oils and proteins can reduce the level of PCDD/F and DL-PCBs in farmed fish.
TL;DR: Thraustochytrid oil can be used to replace fish oil in Atlantic salmon diets without detriment to the growth of parr, and is a candidate for use in oil blends for salmon diets.
Abstract: Replacing fish oil with that from a docosahexaenoic acid (22:6omega3, DHA) rich single cell micro-organism, thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. L, in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was investigated. Four experimental diets containing 100% thraustochytrid oil (TO), 100% palm oil (PO) and a 4:1 palm and thraustochytrid oil mixture (MX) were compared to a fish oil (FO) diet over 9 weeks. A saltwater transfer challenge occurred at the end of the trial for 14 days to test the diet treatments on the ability of salmon to smolt. There were no significant differences in the feed consumption of the diets or the digestibility of the omega3 or omega6 PUFA, indicating no differences in the digestibility of fatty acids between diets. No significant differences were noted between the growth of fish on the four diet treatments. Significant differences were noted in the fatty acid profiles of the fish muscle tissues between all diets. Fish on the TO diet had a significantly greater percentage of DHA in muscle tissue compared with fish on all other diets. Blood osmolarity, which is inversely related to the ability of salmon to smolt, from the TO and FO fed fish was significantly lower than that of fish on the PO diet. This study showed that thraustochytrid oil can be used to replace fish oil in Atlantic salmon diets without detriment to the growth of parr. Including thraustochytrid oil in fish diets significantly increases the amount of DHA in Atlantic salmon muscle and therefore is a candidate for use in oil blends for salmon diets. Thraustochytrid oil provides a renewable source of essential fatty acids, in particular DHA, for aquafeeds.
TL;DR: Differences in the fatty acid composition of the FO and VO diets were reflected in the tissues of Atlantic salmon fed these diets, and visceral fat and belly flap tissues were predominated by adipocytes and contained the highest levels of total lipid and triacylglycerol per g wet weight for the tissues tested.
TL;DR: There were no significant differences at any assessment time point between patients receiving fish oil compared to placebo and this particular dose and type of fish oil conferred no additional benefit to conventional treatment of depression in this sample.
Abstract: Dietary deficiencies in essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish are associated with depression and some fish oils may have therapeutic benefits. We aimed to determine whether taking tuna fish oil confers any additional benefit to conventional outpatient treatment for major depression. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled four-month trial comparing tuna fish oil versus placebo was conducted on 83 outpatients with major depression. Despite large reductions in depression there were no significant differences at any assessment time point between patients receiving fish oil compared to placebo. Red blood cell incorporation of fatty acids indicated good compliance with oil supplementation, although this sample was not initially deficient in omega-3s. This particular dose and type of fish oil conferred no additional benefit to conventional treatment of depression in this sample. Future studies could target participants with pre-existing omega-3 deficiency and appraise alternate enriched types and higher doses of omega-3 supplementation.
TL;DR: Physical and sensory analysis showed that the sausages with encapsulated fish oil and flaxseed oil resembled the control most, and the addition of canola oil and encapsulated flax seed oil resulted in a comparable shelf life as the control in terms of lipid oxidation.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of purified EPA ethyl ester and examined effects of EPA on atherogenic sdLDL particles and remnant lipoprotein particles in the metabolic syndrome, a precursor of CVD.
Abstract: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), one representative of n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), is clinically used for its lipid-lowering effects (1). n-3 PUFAs were shown to exert various physiological functions such as antiplatelet actions (by antagonizing effects of arachidonic acid) and plaque stabilization (2,3). Several epidemiological studies have explored antiatherogenic and cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA that are abundantly contained in fish oil (4). Dyslipidemia accompanying the metabolic syndrome is often associated with elevated levels of remnant lipoprotein particles and small dense LDL (sdLDL), which are newly recognized risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) (5). It was reported that fish oil improved lipoprotein subclass profiles in subjects with an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (6). Besides EPA, docosahexaenoic acid and cholesterol are present in fish oil (7), but it is not clear whether purified EPA independently affects lipoprotein subclass profiles. Therefore, we used purified EPA ethyl ester and examined effects of EPA on atherogenic sdLDL particles and remnant lipoprotein particles in the metabolic syndrome, a precursor of CVD. Furthermore, sdLDL has been reported to synergistically interact with inflammation in pathophysiologic processes leading to CVD (8). Therefore, we simultaneously measured effects of EPA on C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, and examined how alteration of lipoprotein profiles by EPA affects systemic inflammation.
A total of 44 Japanese obese type 2 diabetic patients were recruited in our clinics (Table 1). All patients satisfied the definition and diagnostic criteria of the metabolic syndrome proposed by the National Metabolic Syndrome Criteria Study Group of Japan in 2005 (9). Accordingly, an individual is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if he or she has central adiposity plus two or more of the following three factors: 1 ) raised concentration of triglycerides …
TL;DR: Investigating the influence of three palm oil products as the principal dietary lipid source on the growth performance, proximate composition, tissue fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility of red hybrid tilapia fed these diets from stocking to marketable size confirmed the feasibility of feedingtilapia with palm oil-based diets with a 100% substitution of added dietary fish oil throughout the grow-out cycle.
TL;DR: A clinical trial was performed in which all subjects had an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator and were at very high risk of sudden cardiac death, showing the mechanisms by which n-3 fish oil fatty acids prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmias.
Abstract: There were already several epidemiologic studies that showed eating fish frequently seemed to reduce deaths from coronary heart disease. There were also observational and clinical trials that more specifically showed that the reduction in cardiovascular deaths from eating fish was largely the result of the prevention of sudden cardiac death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil. This led me to perform a clinical trial in which all subjects had an implanted cardioverter-defibrillator and were at very high risk of sudden cardiac death. The results of this study and the mechanisms by which n-3 fish oil fatty acids prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmias will be the subject of this review.
TL;DR: It is proposed that practical diets low in marine ingredients can be used over the productive cycle of gilthead sea bream when essential fatty acids are supplied above the requirement levels.
TL;DR: The present study demonstrated a potential for several plant ingredients, such as field pea and faba bean, partly replacing high-quality fish meal in diets for Atlantic salmon, based on nutrient digestibilities and absence of pathologies in the stomach and intestine.