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Showing papers on "Fish oil published in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fatty acid composition of over 3,000 Scottish Atlantic salmon farmed between 2006 and 2015 is compared to find that terrestrial fatty acids have significantly increased alongside a decrease in EPA and DHA levels, and the nutritional value of the final product is compromised.
Abstract: As the global population and its demand for seafood increases more of our fish will come from aquaculture. Farmed Atlantic salmon are a global commodity and, as an oily fish, contain a rich source of the health promoting long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Replacing the traditional finite marine ingredients, fishmeal and fish oil, in farmed salmon diets with sustainable alternatives of terrestrial origin, devoid of EPA and DHA, presents a significant challenge for the aquaculture industry. By comparing the fatty acid composition of over 3,000 Scottish Atlantic salmon farmed between 2006 and 2015, we find that terrestrial fatty acids have significantly increased alongside a decrease in EPA and DHA levels. Consequently, the nutritional value of the final product is compromised requiring double portion sizes, as compared to 2006, in order to satisfy recommended EPA + DHA intake levels endorsed by health advisory organisations. Nevertheless, farmed Scottish salmon still delivers more EPA + DHA than most other fish species and all terrestrial livestock. Our findings highlight the global shortfall of EPA and DHA and the implications this has for the human consumer and examines the potential of microalgae and genetically modified crops as future sources of these important fatty acids.

339 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main formulation and process variables that affect the physicochemical properties of the fish oil microparticles obtained by conventional spray-drying, the stability of fish oil during storage and the application of fishoil microparticle in food systems are discussed.
Abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (LCω3-PUFA), are essential in human nutrition because they play an important role in humans and prevent several diseases. Fish oil is a natural source of LCω3-PUFA that can be incorporated into food products. One of the major drawbacks of oils containing a high amount of LCω3-PUFA, such as fish oils, is their high susceptibility to oxidation and unpleasant flavours. Microencapsulation of fish oil by spray-drying has been proposed as a strategy to retard lipid auto-oxidation, improving oil stability, prolonging its shelf life, limiting the development of off-flavours and controlling the release into food. The encapsulation of fish oil by conventional spray-drying has been performed by preparing fish oil-in-water emulsions (micro- or nano-sized) by applying high shearing forces. The objective of this review is to compile the scientific research on the encapsulation of fish oil to discuss the main formulation and process variables that affect the physicochemical properties of the fish oil microparticles obtained by conventional spray-drying, the stability of fish oil during storage and the application of fish oil microparticles in food systems. An alternative strategy to conventional spray-drying (water-free spray-drying) is also proposed.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jun 2016-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Results show that replacing fish oil with DHA-rich marine Sc improves the deposition of n3 LC PUFA levels in tilapia fillet, which supports further studies to lower Schizochytrium production costs and to combine different marine microalgae to replace fish oil and fishmeal into aquafeeds.
Abstract: We conducted a 84-day nutritional feeding experiment with dried whole cells of DHA-rich marine microalga Schizochytrium sp (Sc) to determine the optimum level of fish-oil substitution (partial or complete) for maximum growth of Nile tilapia When we fully replaced fish oil with Schizochytrium (Sc100 diet), we found significantly higher weight gain and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and lower (improved) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake compared to a control diet containing fish oil (Sc0); and no significant change in SGR and survival rate among all diets The Sc100 diet had the highest contents of 22:6n3 DHA, led to the highest DHA content in fillets, and consequently led to the highest DHA:EPA ratios in tilapia fillets Schizochytrium sp is a high quality candidate for complete substitution of fish oil in juvenile Nile tilapia feeds, providing an innovative means to formulate and optimize the composition of tilapia juvenile feed while simultaneously raising feed efficiency of tilapia aquaculture and to further develop environmentally and socially sustainable aquafeeds Results show that replacing fish oil with DHA-rich marine Sc improves the deposition of n3 LC PUFA levels in tilapia fillet These results support further studies to lower Schizochytrium production costs and to combine different marine microalgae to replace fish oil and fishmeal into aquafeeds

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fish oil intake can induce UCP1 expression in classical brown and beige adipocytes via the SNS, thereby attenuating fat accumulation and ameliorating lipid metabolism.
Abstract: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis, and may provide novel strategies for the treatment of human obesity. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is regulated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in classical brown and ectopic beige adipocytes, and is controlled by sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Previous work indicated that fish oil intake reduces fat accumulation and induces UCP1 expression in BAT; however, the detailed mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of fish oil on energy expenditure and the SNS. Fish oil intake increased oxygen consumption and rectal temperature, with concomitant upregulation of UCP1 and the β3 adrenergic receptor (β3AR), two markers of beige adipocytes, in the interscapular BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT). Additionally, fish oil intake increased the elimination of urinary catecholamines and the noradrenaline (NA) turnover rate in interscapular BAT and inguinal WAT. Furthermore, the effects of fish oil on SNS-mediated energy expenditure were abolished in transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) knockout mice. In conclusion, fish oil intake can induce UCP1 expression in classical brown and beige adipocytes via the SNS, thereby attenuating fat accumulation and ameliorating lipid metabolism.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Senlin Li1, Hong Ji1, Binxin Zhang1, Jingjing Tian1, Jishu Zhou1, Haibo Yu1 
TL;DR: The results suggested that the growth of Jian carp was not affected by dietary BSO, while it decreased lipid deposition in the intraperitoneal fat tissue of Jian carpet by higher gene expression of PPARα.

141 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that a blend of SBM, SPC, and ALG can replace at least 40% of marine protein sources, andALG can be used as the main lipid source in diets for E. lanceolatus without significantly affecting fish performance or condition.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is technologically feasible to develop Spanish salchichón enriched with microencapsulated n-3 fatty acids from fish oil through reformulation process related to the greater susceptibility to lipid oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.

107 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Identifying the unique anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties of oxylipins from individual n-3 PUFAs will enable the discovery of novel disease-management strategies in AD.

103 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In people with symptomatic knee OA, there was no additional benefit of a high-dose fish oil compared with low-doseFish oil, and the combination comparator oil appeared to have better efficacy in reducing pain at 2 years, suggesting that this requires further investigation.
Abstract: Objectives To determine whether high-dose fish oil is superior to low-dose supplementation for symptomatic and structural outcomes in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods A randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial enrolled 202 patients with knee OA and regular knee pain. They were randomised 1:1 to high-dose fish oil (4.5 g omega-3 fatty acids) 15 mL/day or (2) low-dose fish oil (blend of fish oil and sunola oil; ratio of 1:9, 0.45 g omega-3 fatty acids) 15 mL/day. The primary endpoints were Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain score at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months, and change in cartilage volume at 24 months. Secondary outcomes included WOMAC function, quality of life, analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and bone marrow lesion score. Results Although there was improvement in both groups, the low-dose fish oil group had greater improvement in WOMAC pain and function scores at 2 years compared with the high-dose group, whereas between-group differences at 1 year did not reach statistical significance. There was no difference between the two groups in cartilage volume loss at 2 years. For other secondary endpoints, there was no difference between the two groups at 2 years. Conclusions In people with symptomatic knee OA, there was no additional benefit of a high-dose fish oil compared with low-dose fish oil. The combination comparator oil appeared to have better efficacy in reducing pain at 2 years, suggesting that this requires further investigation. Trial registration number Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12607000415404).

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
29 Nov 2016-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: The potential of adding an organic acid salt to alleviate some of the detrimental effects of extreme plant-ingredient substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in gilthead sea bream diet is confirmed.
Abstract: There is a constant need to find feed additives that improve health and nutrition of farmed fish and lessen the intestinal inflammation induced by plant-based ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding an organic acid salt to alleviate some of the detrimental effects of extreme plant-ingredient substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in gilthead sea bream diet. Three experiments were conducted. In a first trial (T1), the best dose (0.4%) of sodium butyrate (BP-70 ®NOREL) was chosen after a short (9-weeks) feeding period. In a second longer trial (T2) (8 months), four diets were used: a control diet containing 25% FM (T2-D1) and three experimental diets containing 5% FM (T2-D2, T2-D3, T2-D4). FO was the only added oil in D1, while a blend of plant oils replaced 58% and 84% of FO in T2-D2, and T2-D3 and T2-D4, respectively. The latter was supplemented with 0.4% BP-70. In a third trial (T3), two groups of fish were fed for 12 and 38 months with D1, D3 and D4 diets of T2. The effects of dietary changes were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, molecular and electrophysiological tools. The extreme diet (T2-D3) modified significantly the transcriptomic profile, especially at the anterior intestine, up-regulating the expression of inflammatory markers, in coincidence with a higher presence of granulocytes and lymphocytes in the submucosa, and changing genes involved in antioxidant defences, epithelial permeability and mucus production. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (Rt) was also decreased (T3-D3). Most of these modifications were returned to control values with the addition of BP-70. None of the experimental diets modified the staining pattern of PCNA, FABP2 or ALPI. These results further confirm the potential of this additive to improve or reverse the detrimental effects of extreme fish diet formulations.

93 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that FM can be substantially reduced using blends of SPC, squid and algal meals in diets for longfin yellowtail with no significant effect on fish growth and intestinal tissue integrity, and the results contribute to the knowledge to improve the sustainability of aquafeeds by Using blends of terrestrial and aquatic plant ingredients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The feasibility of using practically relevant levels of heterotrophic microalgae as LCn-3PUFA source in the diet of Atlantic salmon is documents in terms of extruded feed production feasibility, general fish performance, fish fillet product quality (nutritional and technical), nutrient retention efficiency and blood chemistry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In NASH patients, the supplementation of omega-3 PUFA from flaxseed and fish oils significantly impacts on plasma lipid profile of patients with NASH and Plasma increase of these PUFAs was associated with better liver histology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There were no differences between DHA-supplemented groups in brain region, whole-body, or tissue DHA accretion rates except heart and serum TAG where the PL-DHA/TAG-D HA blend was higher than TAG-dHA.
Abstract: Tracer studies suggest that phospholipid DHA (PL-DHA) more effectively targets the brain than triglyceride DHA (TAG-DHA), although the mechanism and whether this translates into higher brain DHA concentrations are not clear. Rats were gavaged with [U- 3 H]PL-DHA and [U- 3 H]TAG-DHA and blood sampled over 6 h prior to collection of brain regions and other tissues. In another experiment, rats were supplemented for 4 weeks with TAG-DHA (fish oil), PL-DHA (roe PL) or a mixture of both for comparison to a low-omega-3 diet. Brain regions and other tissues were collected, and blood was sampled weekly. DHA accretion rates were estimated using the balance method. [U- 3 H]PL-DHA rats had higher radioactivity in cerebellum, hippocampus and remainder of brain, with no differences in other tissues despite higher serum lipid radioactivity in [U- 3 H]TAG-DHA rats. TAG-DHA, PL-DHA or a mixture were equally effective at increasing brain DHA. There were no differences between DHA-supplemented groups in brain region, whole-body, or tissue DHA accretion rates except heart and serum TAG where the PL-DHA/TAG-DHA blend was higher than TAG-DHA. Apparent DHA β-oxidation was not different between DHA-supplemented groups. This indicates that more labeled DHA enters the brain when consumed as PL; however, this may not translate into higher brain DHA concentrations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phytosterol and vitamin E composition of soy and fish oil lipid emulsions was found to affect the development of PN-associated liver disease in preterm pigs.
Abstract: Introduction: Parenteral nutrition (PN) in preterm infants leads to PN-associated liver disease (PNALD). PNALD has been linked to serum accumulation of phytosterols that are abundant in plant oil but absent in fish oil emulsions. Hypothesis: Whether modifying the phytosterol and vitamin E composition of soy and fish oil lipid emulsions affects development of PNALD in preterm pigs. Methods: We measured markers of PNALD in preterm pigs that received 14 days of PN that included 1 of the following: (1) Intralipid (IL, 100% soybean oil), (2) Intralipid + vitamin E (ILE, d-α-tocopherol), (3) Omegaven (OV, 100% fish oil), or (4) Omegaven + phytosterols (PS, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol). Results: Serum levels of direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase, serum triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and hepatic triglyceride content were significantly lower (P < .05) in the ILE, OV, and PS compared to IL. Hepatic cholesterol 7-hydroxylase and organic solute transporter–α expression was lower (P <...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that gut microbiota-induced regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism is dependent on dietary lipid composition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short- term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.
Abstract: The nutritional requirement for n-3 long-chain PUFA in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during grow out in the sea is not well documented. Diets were formulated with levels of EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) ranging from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (4–24 g/kg feed). Two long-term trials were conducted through the seawater phase, the first at 6 and 12°C, and the second at 12°C. In the first trial, growth at both temperatures was significantly lower in fish fed 1·4 % EPA+DHA of total fatty acids compared with the 5·2 % EPA+DHA group. In the second trial, growth was significantly lower in fish fed 1·3 and 2·7 % compared with 4·4 and 7·4 % EPA + DHA. Fatty acid composition in the fish reflected diet composition, but only after a 7-fold increase in body weight did the fatty acid profile of the fish stabilise according to dietary fatty acids (shown for EPA and DHA). The retention efficiency of DHA increased with decreasing dietary levels, and was 120–190 and 120–200 % in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The retention efficiency of EPA was lower (60–200 %), and values >100 % were only achieved at the lowest dietary levels in both trials. Temperature did not affect fatty acid retention efficiency. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short-term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Mar 2016-Lipids
TL;DR: Results clearly indicate EPA and DHA are metabolized differently by Atlantic salmon, and suggest that the n-3 LC-PUFA dietary requirements of Atlantic salmon may be lower than reported and different, if originating primarily from EPA or DHA.
Abstract: Due to the scarcity of marine fish oil resources, the aquaculture industry is developing more efficient strategies for the utilization of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA). A better understanding of how fish utilize EPA and DHA, typically provided by fish oil, is needed. However, EPA and DHA have different physiological functions, may be metabolized and incorporated into tissues differently, and may vary in terms of their importance in meeting the fatty acid requirements of fish. To address these questions, Atlantic salmon were fed experimental diets containing, as the sole added dietary lipid source, fish oil (positive control), tallow (negative control), or tallow supplemented with EPA, DHA, or both fatty acids to ~50 or 100% of their respective levels in the positive control diet. Following 14 weeks of feeding, the negative control diet yielded optimum growth performance. Though surprising, these results support the notion that Atlantic salmon requirements for n-3 LC-PUFA are quite low. EPA was largely β-oxidized and inefficiently deposited in tissues, and increasing dietary levels were associated with potential negative effects on growth. Conversely, DHA was completely spared from catabolism and very efficiently deposited into flesh. EPA bioconversion to DHA was largely influenced by substrate availability, with the presence of preformed DHA having little inhibitory effect. These results clearly indicate EPA and DHA are metabolized differently by Atlantic salmon, and suggest that the n-3 LC-PUFA dietary requirements of Atlantic salmon may be lower than reported and different, if originating primarily from EPA or DHA.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The RBC, including the omega-3 index, may serve as a marker for the relative levels of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs in phospholipids of certain tissues, and changes in saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid levels across various tissues in response to increased EPA+DHA intakes are observed.
Abstract: Numerous clinical trials examining the use of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) on various health outcomes have been conducted, and fish oil remains one of the most widely used nutritional supplements. More recently, studies have begun to utilize the omega-3 index, defined as the sum of EPA+DHA in red blood cells (RBCs), as both a biomarker of n-3 LCPUFA exposure and a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Considerably less research evaluates whether RBC phospholipid fatty acids reflect the phospholipid fatty acid composition of other tissues across increasing intakes of n-3 LCPUFAs. We fed mice diets containing increasing amounts of EPA+DHA, equivalent to current recommendations by the American Heart Association on a percent of energy basis, and analyzed the phospholipid fatty acid composition of various tissues in relation to RBCs. We observed that RBCs, heart, muscle, spleen, lung, and adipose tissues all respond to dietary supplementation with EPA+DHA with increasing n-3 LCPUFA and decreasing n-6 LCPUFA levels. Furthermore, the n-3 LCPUFA profiles of all measured tissues had strong (r>0.7) and significant (p<0.001) correlations to RBCs. Interestingly, we also observed changes in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels across various tissues in response to increased EPA+DHA intakes despite there being no change in dietary SFA and MUFA. Specifically, there were increases in RBC SFA and spleen MUFA and decreases in heart MUFA. These demonstrate that the RBC, including the omega-3 index, may serve as a marker for the relative levels of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs in phospholipids of certain tissues.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The microalga Pavlova viridis (=Diacronema viridis) as an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) source was evaluated and compared to Nannochloropsis sp.
Abstract: In the present study, the potential of the microalga Pavlova viridis (=Diacronema viridis) as an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) source was evaluated and compared to Nannochloropsis sp. in diets for juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) (initial weight similar to 12.8 +/- 1.7 g) in an 8-week feeding trial. Six different isoenergetic and isonitrogenous test diets were used: (1) fish oil diet (FO), major lipid source fish oil (100 %), (2) basal diet, 40 % fish oil and 60 % plant oil (in equal parts rapeseed, sunflower, and linseed oil), (3) Pavlova 50 % (P50), 50 % of the fish oil of the basal diet was substituted by lipid content of P. viridis meal, (4) Pavlova 100 % (P100), 100 % of the fish oil of the basal diet was substituted by lipid content of P. viridis meal, (5) Nannochloropsis 50 % (N50), 50 % of the fish oil of the basal diet was substituted by lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. meal, and (6) Nannochloropsis 100 % (N100), 100 % of the fish oil of the basal diet was substituted by lipid content of Nannochloropsis sp. meal. The specific growth rate was highest and feed conversion ratio was lowest in the P100 group (SGR 1.77 +/- 0.10 % day(-1); FCR 1.17 +/- 0.01), although not significantly different to the results for the FO and the other algae-groups. Furthermore, the sum of PUFA was also highest in the P100 group, followed by the P50, N100, N50, and B group (mainly due to the high content of linoleic and linolenic acids coming from plant oils and microalgal products) with the lowest levels in the FO group. The highest amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of total fatty acids were found in the FO and B group, although not significantly higher than in groups P50 and P100. The significantly highest amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, % of total fatty acids) was in the P100 samples and the lowest amount was in samples of the basal group. The histological analyses of liver and intestine samples did not reveal any negative effects caused by the experimental treatments. Based on the basal diet, a 50 % fish oil replacement by Nannochloropsis sp. meal and a total replacement by P. viridis meal were possible without negative effects on the growth performance and nutrient utilization of juvenile sea bass.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results support the use of low FM/FO diets alone or supplemented with feed additives, which have the potential to improve or reverse metabolic steady-states.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that dietary n‐3 DPA and EPA have highly divergent effects on human lipid mediator profile, with no overlap in PUFA metabolites formed.
Abstract: In contrast to the well-characterized effects of specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), little is known about the metabolic fate of the intermediary long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). In this double blind crossover study, shifts in circulating levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFA-derived bioactive lipid mediators were quantified by an unbiased liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry lipidomic approach. Plasma was obtained from human subjects before and after 7 d of supplementation with pure n-3 DPA, n-3 EPA or placebo (olive oil). DPA supplementation increased the SPM resolvin D5n-3DPA (RvD5n-3DPA) and maresin (MaR)-1, the DHA vicinal diol 19,20-dihydroxy-DPA and n-6 PUFA derived 15-keto-PG E2 (15-keto-PGE2). EPA supplementation had no effect on any plasma DPA or DHA derived mediators, but markedly elevated monohydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs), including the e-series resolvin (RvE) precursor 18-HEPE; effects not observed with DPA supplementation. These data show that dietary n-3 DPA and EPA have highly divergent effects on human lipid mediator profile, with no overlap in PUFA metabolites formed. The recently uncovered biologic activity of n-3 DPA docosanoids and their marked modulation by dietary DPA intake reveals a unique and specific role of n-3 DPA in human physiology.-Markworth, J. F., Kaur, G., Miller, E. G., Larsen, A. E., Sinclair, A. J., Maddipati, K. R., Cameron-Smith, D. Divergent shifts in lipid mediator profile following supplementation with n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that alternative lipid sources could be used successfully in tilapia diets except for SO, and total replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed oil could be possible without adverse effects on fish health.
Abstract: Five iso-nitrogenous (crude protein 32 %) and iso-energetic (gross energy 15 MJ kg−1) practical diets were formulated by totally replacing fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), linseed oil (LO) and pork lard (PL), respectively. These diets were fed to triplicate groups of 30 gift tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (mean initial weight 9 g). Fish were fed three times a day for 8 weeks at 26.5 ± 2.5 °C. The results showed that the replacement of FO with RO or LO or PL in tilapia diets did not affect growth or feed utilization. Fish fed SO exhibited lower specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio, and higher feed conversion ratio. The lowest hepatosomatic index, hepatopancreas lipid content, hepatopancreas malondialdehyde contents, lipoprotein lipase and malate dehydrogenase activities in liver were observed in fish fed FO, LO and RO. Fish fed FO or LO exhibited higher aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities in liver and higher total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase activities in serum, but the values of these parameters were lower in fish fed PL in comparison with the other groups. This study showed that alternative lipid sources could be used successfully in tilapia diets except for SO. Total replacement of dietary fish oil by linseed oil could be possible without adverse effects on fish health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that supplementation of 20% soybean oil (8% lipid in diet) could improve growth of blunt snout bream juvenile growth and an excess of 18:2n − 6 in SO supplemented diets modified the expressions of lipid metabolism-related genes which induced lipid deposition.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Jul 2016-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: Endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic activity was observed in fish fed both the Camelina oil diets as indicated by the liver transcriptome and levels of intermediate metabolites such as docosapentaenoic acid, with data suggesting that the dietary combination of EPA and DHA inhibited desaturation and elongation activities.
Abstract: Vegetable oils (VO) are possible substitutes for fish oil in aquafeeds but their use is limited by their lack of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). However, oilseed crops can be modified to produce n-3 LC-PUFA such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, representing a potential option to fill the gap between supply and demand of these important nutrients. Camelina sativa was metabolically engineered to produce a seed oil with around 15% total n-3 LC-PUFA to potentially substitute for fish oil in salmon feeds. Post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed for 11-weeks with one of three experimental diets containing either fish oil (FO), wild-type Camelina oil (WCO) or transgenic Camelina oil (DCO) as added lipid source to evaluate fish performance, nutrient digestibility, tissue n-3 LC-PUFA, and metabolic impact determined by liver transcriptome analysis. The DCO diet did not affect any of the performance or health parameters studied and enhanced apparent digestibility of EPA and DHA compared to the WCO diet. The level of total n-3 LC-PUFA was higher in all the tissues of DCO-fed fish than in WCO-fed fish with levels in liver similar to those in fish fed FO. Endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthetic activity was observed in fish fed both the Camelina oil diets as indicated by the liver transcriptome and levels of intermediate metabolites such as docosapentaenoic acid, with data suggesting that the dietary combination of EPA and DHA inhibited desaturation and elongation activities. Expression of genes involved in phospholipid and triacylglycerol metabolism followed a similar pattern in fish fed DCO and WCO despite the difference in n-3 LC-PUFA contents.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study demonstrates fish oil protects against WD-induced NALFD via improving lipid metabolism and ameliorating hepatic inflammation, and adds to the current understanding on the benefits of n-3 PUFAs against NAFLD.
Abstract: Intake of fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is believed to be beneficial against development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was to gain further understanding of the potential mechanisms of the protective effects of fish oil against NAFLD. Ten male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control diet (CON), a Western style high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (WD), or a WD diet containing fish oil (FOH) for 16 weeks respectively. The development of liver steatosis and fibrosis were verified by histological and biochemical examination. Hepatic transcriptome were extracted for RNA-seq analysis, and particular results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The consumption of fish oil significantly ameliorated WD-induced dyslipidemia, transaminase elevation, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Hepatic RNA-Seq analysis showed that long-term intake of fish oil restored the expression of circadian clock-related genes per2 and per3, which were reduced in WD fed animals. Fish oil consumption also corrected the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, such as Srebf1, Fasn, Scd1, Insig2, Cd36, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, Abcg8 and Pcsk9. Moreover, the expression levels of pro-inflammation genes Mcp1, Socs2, Sema4a, and Cd44 in the FOH group were lower than that of WD group, implying that fish oil protects the liver against WD-induced hepatic inflammation. The present study demonstrates fish oil protects against WD-induced NALFD via improving lipid metabolism and ameliorating hepatic inflammation. Our findings add to the current understanding on the benefits of n-3 PUFAs against NAFLD.

Journal ArticleDOI
Peng Tan1, Xiaojing Dong1, Kangsen Mai1, Wei Xu1, Qinghui Ai1 
TL;DR: Investigation of whether dietary VO could exert anti-immunological effects by altering TLR-NF-κB signalling, macrophages infiltration and polarization in adipose tissue of large yellow croaker showed that activities of respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway, as well as disease resistance after immune challenge were significantly decreased in largeyellow croaker fed VO diets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not reduce IgE-associated allergic disease at 6 years of age, and secondary outcomes were suggestive of a protective effect of the intervention on the incidence of D. farinae sensitization.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Evidence from randomized controlled trials in early infancy suggest that prenatal supplementation with Ω-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) reduces the incidence of allergic disease characterized by an immunoglobulin E (IgE) response. We aimed to determine whether protective effects were evident in the 6-year-old offspring of women supplemented with n-3 rich fish oil during pregnancy. METHODS: Six-year follow-up of children ( n = 706) with a family history of allergic disease from the Docosahexaenoic Acid to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome (DOMInO) trial. Women were randomly allocated to receive n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil capsules (800 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid DHA and 100mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid) or vegetable oil capsules (without n-3 LCPUFA). Allergic disease symptoms including eczema, wheeze, rhinitis, and rhino-conjunctivitis, were assessed using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and sensitization to allergens was measured by skin prick test. RESULTS: There was no difference in the percentage of children with any IgE-associated allergic disease between the n-3 LCPUFA and control groups (116/367 [31.5%] vs 106/336 [31.5%]; adjusted relative risk, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–1.33; P = .73). There was a reduction in the percentage of children sensitized to house dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (49/367 [13.4%] vs 68/336 [20.3%]; adjusted relative risk, 0.67, 95% confidence interval, 0.44–1.00; P = .0495). CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not reduce IgE-associated allergic disease at 6 years of age. Secondary outcomes were suggestive of a protective effect of the intervention on the incidence of D. farinae sensitization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Obesity has a substantial impact on lysophospholipid metabolism, altering the plasma lysophile profile and abolishing its sensitivity to dietary n-3 PUFAs, which could contribute to the onset or progression of alterations associated with obesity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increasing brain DHA, through either dietary or transgenic means, decreases some elements of the inflammatory response to amyloid-β in a mouse model of AD, which supports the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFA may be protective against AD by modulating the immune response toAmyloids.
Abstract: Neuroinflammation is a proposed mechanism by which Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology potentiates neuronal death and cognitive decline. Consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of AD in human observational studies and exerts protective effects on cognition and pathology in animal models. These fatty acids and molecules derived from them are known to have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, presenting a potential mechanism for these protective effects. Here, we explore this mechanism using fat-1 transgenic mice and their wild type littermates weaned onto either a fish oil diet (high in n-3 PUFA) or a safflower oil diet (negligible n-3 PUFA). The fat-1 mouse carries a transgene that enables it to convert omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA. At 12 weeks of age, mice underwent intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of amyloid-β 1-40. Brains were collected between 1 and 28 days post-icv, and hippocampal microglia, astrocytes, and degenerating neurons were quantified by immunohistochemistry with epifluorescence microscopy, while microglia morphology was assessed with confocal microscopy and skeleton analysis. Fat-1 mice fed with the safflower oil diet and wild type mice fed with the fish oil diet had higher brain DHA in comparison with the wild type mice fed with the safflower oil diet. Relative to the wild type mice fed with the safflower oil diet, fat-1 mice exhibited a lower peak in the number of labelled microglia, wild type mice fed with fish oil had fewer degenerating neurons, and both exhibited alterations in microglia morphology at 10 days post-surgery. There were no differences in astrocyte number at any time point and no differences in the time course of microglia or astrocyte activation following infusion of amyloid-β 1-40. Increasing brain DHA, through either dietary or transgenic means, decreases some elements of the inflammatory response to amyloid-β in a mouse model of AD. This supports the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFA may be protective against AD by modulating the immune response to amyloid-β.