Showing papers on "Fishing published in 1969"

On Models of Commercial Fishing

Abstract: 1. A fishery resource, although conceivably exhaustible, is replenishable; that is, it is subject to laws of natural growth which define an environmental biotechnological constraint on the activities of the fishing industry. 2. The resource and the activity of production from it form a stock-flow relationship. The new growth in the population fish mass depends upon the harvest rate relative to natural recruitment to the stock. If the harvest rate exceeds the recruitment rate, the stock declines, and vice versa. 3. The recovery or harvesting process is subject to various possible external effects all of which represent external diseconomies to the firm: (a) Resource stock externalities result if the cost of a fishing vessel's catch decreases as the population of fish increases. (b) Mesh externalities result if the mesh size (or other kinds of gear selectivity variables) affects not only the private costs and revenues of the fisherman but also the growth behavior of the fish population. (c) Crowding externalities occur if the fish population is sufficiently concentrated to cause vessel congestion over the fishing grounds and, thus, increased vessel operating costs for any given catch. All of these various types of externalities arise fundamentally because

Demersal Fish Explorations in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean — An Evaluation of Exploratory Fishing Methods and Analytical Approaches to Stock Size and Yield Forecasts

Abstract: A series of demersal fish studies were conducted throughout the northeast Pacific Ocean. The aims of these exploratory fishing surveys were: (1) to describe the zoogeographic distribution patterns ...

Exploratory fishing by R.V. VARUNA

Abstract: The rapid strides taken in the development of mechanised fishing fleet for fishing beyond the 5 to 10 kilometre traditional fishing limits in our waters are to some extent due to the encouraging results of exploratory otter trawlings carried out in earlier years. As pathfinders in these exploratory surveys, special mention should be made of the work done by the ‘GOLDEN CROWN’ (1908-11), “WILLIAM CARRICK” (1921-22), and “LADY GOSCHEN” (1927-30). The results obtained from these and other vessels have been documented on a number of reports (Anon. 1931, 1962; Chidambaram, 1953; Hefford, `1949; John et al., 1959; Raj 1933; and Sorely, 1948). More recently, Rao (1969) has ably analysed and summarised the results of exploratory fishing carried out by many vessels including those of the Deep Sea Fishing Stations of the Government of India during the last 20 years.

Indian Oil sardine

Abstract: In the group-wise composition of the world marine fish production, Clupeoids occupy an unassailable position at the top and India is no exception. This group which contributes on an average about 32% to the annual marine fish production is mainly represented by the sardines of which the Indian oil-sardine, Sardinella longiceps, subscribes to the best part of it. The importance of this fish in the socio-economic life of the fishing community of the Malabar coast is very aptly expressed as Kudumbam pularthi (= provider for the family). The oil-sardine fishery during 1950-1968 period has contributed annually on an average to the extent of 18% to total marine fish landings in India. It is, however, subjected to such wild fluctuations that it has been found to vary between 1% and 33%. It is this undependable and unpredictable nature of the fishery that first drew the concern of Day (1865) and it was left to Hornell (1910b) to emphasise the need for a scientific study which led to the pioneer research report by him and Nayudu (1924). Except for the studies of Devanesan (1943), no important work appeared till almost the beginning of fifties. After the establishment of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Station in 1947, greater attention on various biological aspects was given resulting in the contributions of Nair (1949 et seq.), Chidambaram (1950) and Nair & Chidambaram (1951). The synopsis of information on the biology and fishery presented by Nair (1960) to the ‘World Scientific Meeting on the Biology of Sardines and Related Species’ under the as spices of FAO provided a clear account of the progress made till then. The rapid strides made subsequent to this can be easily evaluated when the history of research contributions of the last 5 decades beginning from the studies of Hornell and Nayudu (loc. cit.) relating chiefly and directly on the oil-sardine of Indian

Effect of Stocking Location of Juvenile Steelhead Trout, Salmo gairdnerii, on Adult Catch

Abstract: Marked yearling hatchery-reared steelhead smolts were stocked at varying distances from tidewater in two Oregon coastal streams in April of 1964 and 1965 and the numbers of returning adults caught in the sport fishery were determined. Objectives of the study were to determine the preciseness of the homing mechanism in directing the returning adult fish to particular locations in a stream and the contribution to the sport fishery of adult fish of different release origins. Homing imprint was demonstrated to be influenced by stocking site within a stream. A contribution to the fishery of a particular release group was found to be dependent on a delay in upstream migration in the geographic area of stocking and on the fishing effort in the area.

Temperature-sensing system for placement of fishing lures

Abstract: A weighted device releasably holding a fishline near the lure, incorporating a temperature sensor for reading the exact temperature of the water in which the lure is moving, regardless of the length of the line payed out, or the line attitude.

The occupation of trawl fishing and the medical aid available to the Grimsby deep sea fisherman

Abstract: Moore, S. R. W. (1969). Brit. J. industr. Med., 26, 1-24. The occupation of trawl fishing and the medical aid available to the Grimsby deep sea fisherman. The mortality of fishermen is twice that of coalminers. Because of the method of fishing the mortality of the trawlerman is probably higher. Outside the industry little is known about the occupation of trawl fishing. Its size, the number of men employed, and the number and distribution of trawlers are therefore described, with particular reference to the port of Grimsby. As near, middle, and deep water trawlers sail from Grimsby, its industry gives a good representation of conditions in the industry as a whole. The port and the fishing grounds are described. The composition of the trawler crew, their conditions of work, accommodation, and remuneration are explained. A description is given of the trawl apparatus, fishing operations, and the hazards involved, and extracts from the writer9s diary of a fishing voyage are appended. The United Kingdom has ratified the Accommodation of Crews (Fishermen) Convention 1966 of the International Labour Organisation, and an informal survey of a modern trawler fleet showed that it fell short of the requirements of this Convention. Accommodation is confined and the crew live and work in close proximity and in conditions of physical discomfort. Trawlermen work for long hours under conditions which would not be tolerated by the shore worker. The method of payment is such that trawlermen may take unnecessary risks. Earnings depend on team work so that illness and injury are often not reported with consequent deterioration of the condition. Physical fatigue and lack of sleep contribute to an increased accident rate. It is therefore recommended that more men per trawler should be employed to allow shorter working hours. As the skipper and mate are paid wholly on a share basis, the remainder of the crew receiving, in addition, a basic wage, it `pays9 the trawlermen to take risks. A different method of payment, not dependent on the yield of the voyage, is therefore recommended. The medical aid available to trawlermen is described and is usually by radio link with shore or a ship with a doctor on board. Although the skipper has some training in first aid and may use The Ship Captain9s Medical Guide and the contents of the medicine chest, it is shown that most skippers prefer the radio link or to put into port for medical assistance. In 1963, 165 Grimsby trawlermen were put ashore. The medical aid given to 120 trawlermen by the Icelandic patrol of the Fishery Protection Squadron is described. Diagnosis and treatment by radio-telephone was difficult and not always successful and medical officers boarded trawlers whenever possible.

Conservation in the Sea: A Survey of Marine Parks

Abstract: The idea of national parks and reserves in the sea has developed slowly, but the increasing popularity of underwater swimming, fishing and coral collecting makes it urgently necessary to protect marine life. Like their counterparts on land, marine parks are usually a great tourist attraction – Kenya has recently created two – and a careful balance has to be achieved, with some areas reserved for tourists and others as sanctuaries where also scientific studies can be made.

Fish Bulletin 145. The California Partyboat Fishery 1947–1967

Abstract: Author(s): Young, Parke H | Abstract: At the beginning of the 20th century, marine partyboat fishing in California was a wealthy man's sport, but 30 years later, the nucleus of the present day fleet of about 400 partyboats was forming The development of the fleet from 1936 to 1967 is traced in brief, including mention of the influence of governmental agencies on safety, food handling, communications, employment, records of catch, and taxes A study of fleet activities for one year, 1963, is presented and reveals some economic facts of partyboat lifeDuring the 21 year period, 1947–1967, the statewide marine partyboat fleet reported a catch of over 71 million fish Annual totals ranged from 20 to 54 million fishSalmon, striped bass, rockfish, and lingcod have been the primary species sought and taken from Oregon to Point Arguello, whereas off southern California the California barracuda, kelp and sand bass, California yellowtail, Pacific bonito, and California halibut were the most important speciesOf the 20 most important partyboat game fishes in the southern California fishery, all except one entered the commercial fishery

Fishing line submerging device

Abstract: A device for connection to a fishing troll line to force the tail line and its connected flashers and natural bait or artificial lures to a desired depth in water being fished, and including means automatically operated by a fish when striking the bait or lure for setting the fish hook.

Fish Bulletin 147. The Northern Anchovy (Engraulis Mordax) And Its Fishery 1965–1968

Abstract: Author(s): Messersmith, James D | Abstract: In 1964 scientists of the California Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, and the University of California proposed an ecological experiment to assist the return of the Pacific sardine (Sardinops caeruleus) by imposing pressure on its chief natural competitor, the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) . Bitter controversy followed but in late 1965 the California Fish and Game Commission authorized a closely regulated anchovy reduction fishery. The controversy did not cease, but a modest fishery with a 75,000 ton quota was initiated.Reduction landings during the 1965–66, 1966–67, and 1967–68 seasons were 16,800, 37,600 and 6,500 short tons, respectively. Landings were from an anchovy population conservatively estimated as between 4 and 5 million tons, 50% of which occurs off California, and consequently do not reflect a lack of abundance but low processor demand as dictated by declining world fishmeal prices. Landings were primarily by purse seiners operating in Monterey Bay and the inshore waters off southern California. Three-year-olds were dominant in central California landings and 2-year-olds in southern California. One-year-olds were most representative of the southern California live bait catch.Both otoliths and scales from over 1,100 anchovies were used to compare two age-determination methods. The percent of agreement between individual age assignments was high and there were no significant differences in the resulting age compositions. Anchovy scales are caducous while otoliths are rarely unobtainable or deformed. Otoliths are therefore recommended for age determination of anchovies because they yield results comparable to scales and are more available.During a 3-year period beginning in March 1966 nearly 381,000 anchovies were tagged and 1,080 were recovered on magnets installed in reduction plants. Recoveries demonstrate that anchovies can and do move considerable distances and between major fishing grounds in a short period of time. Anchovies from central California contribute to the southern California fishery and anchovies released off southern California were caught off central California and Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.A limited term live-bait sampling study determined that considerable manpower is required if the estimates are to be statistically significant. Since zero and 1-year-old fish are co-dominant in the live-bait fishery intensive sampling of this fishery may be useful for detecting changes in year-class strength and recruitment to the southern California commercial reduction fishery.

Contributions of Salmon from the Northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick, to Various Fisheries

Abstract: Tagging studies with naturally produced smolts from the Northwest Miramichi River showed that adult salmon from this river make substantial contributions to commercial fisheries in the Miramichi area (trapnet fisheries in the Miramichi estuary and the adjoining drift-net fishery), around insular Newfoundland, and along the west coast of Greenland. Minor contributions are made to other commercial fisheries throughout the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Tagged Northwest Miramichi salmon were taken by angling in the Miramichi system only, principally the Northwest Miramichi. Commercial fisheries accounted for 32 and 87% of known recaptures of tagged grilse and larger salmon respectively; anglers, 24 and 10%; fish available for spawning, as measured by a counting fence, were 44 and 3%. The ratio of grilse to larger salmon among total recaptures was about 2:1; in fish available for spawning, about 28:1.

Fish hook releasing device

Abstract: A device for releasing a fish hook from a fishing line when engaged with a fixed object in the water, without loss of any portion of the fishing equipment other than the fish hook itself.

Prawn fishing methods

Abstract: Before 1950 the prawn fishery was exploited only within a narrow coastal strip of 5-20 m depth by various types of indigenous gears. Later, due to the introduction of mechanised fishing vessels the commercially exploited grounds have extended up to 40 m depth. Besides trawling, the conventional gears constitute an important source of prawns landings. There is however no comprehensive account of the different methods of prawn fishing in India except for brief references by Panikkar and Menon (1956) and Venkataraman et al (1956). The other available information is related to fishing methods in general or to prawn fishing methods in specified regions (Hornell, 1925 and 1938; Rai, 1933; Chopra, 1939; Naidu, 1942; Jones and Sujansinghani, 1954; Nayar, 1958; George 1961; Menon and Raman, 1962, Thyagarajan and Thomas, 1962; Mani, 1963; Pillai and Ghosh, 1962). It is therefore attempted to deal, in the present account, with the methods adopted for capture of prawns on the Indian coasts, besides those in the backwaters and estuaries which yield a sizable prawn fishery. The types of fishing implements used for catching prawns along the Indian coast depend largely on the physical characteristics of the coast line and the habits of the species.

The effect of fishing on size composition and sex ratio of offshore lobster stocks

Abstract: The initial effects of exploitation on marine stocks seldom have been thoroughly documented, because the stocks usually are not studied until a species has experienced a history of exploitation. The fishery for lobsters, Homarus americanus, in offshore waters of southern New England offers an opportunity to record the chronological changes due to exploitation. The fishery is in the early stages of development and fishing effort is expended disproportionately on relatively discrete grounds. In this preliminary account of the data collected from the offshore fishery, I compare the size distribution and sex ratio of lobsters from severaI fishing grounds, and hypothesize that the differences are due mainly to fishing. The hypothesis was developed on the basis of work on sex ratio of lobsters by THOMAS (1 955) and from data on size distribution collected from research cruises. Data are not yet available, however, on such aspects as seasonal migrations and total catch and effort by area, which must he considered if the effects of fishing are to be fully assessed.

Fishing bobber for variable depth fishing

Abstract: AN IMPROVED FISHING BOBBER ADAPTED FOR FISHING OVER A VARIABLE RANGE OF DEPTH, HAVING ONE SEALED AIR TIGHT COMPARTMENT PROVIDING FLOTATION CAPABILITY TO SUPPORT A FISH HOOK AND SINKER AT A SHOLLOW DEPTH. A SECOND CHAMBER HAVING AN OPENING THEREIN GRADUALLY FILLS WITH WATER SO THAT WITH THE WEIGHT OF THE SINKER THE BOBBER WILL SLOWLY SINK THROUGH A RANGE OF DEPTH, THEREBY PERMITTING THE FISHERMAN TO FISH FOR A VARIETY OF FISH AT DIFFERENT LEVELS WITH A SINGLE CAST OF THE LINE.

Possible Fishing Cliques among the Northern Paiutes of the Walker River Reservation, Nevada

Abstract: Oral historical, ethnographic, and documentary data are used to provide the delineation of heretofore undescribed and now-defunct cooperative economic and social units, "fishing cliques," among male Northern Paiute Indians.

An Economic Evaluation of Columbia River Anadromous Fish Programs

Abstract: It is Important to avoid misallocation of resources for either private or public production.. Misallocation in public programs can result frym failure to employ resources in high priority uses or to eliminate programs that have become obsolete. This study evaluates the benefits and costs of the continuing public program aimed at maintaining Columbia River anadi.omous fish runs. The hydroelectric power potential of the Columbia River exceeds that of all other United States river basins. Irrigation, flood control navigation and recreation are other important products that. are, often complementary with dam construction. Anadromous fish, however, compete with products requiring construction of dams that blockade essential fish migration routes. Costly passage facilities at the dams prevent total blockage of the lower river and supplemental projects such as fish hatcheries at least partially repilace lost productivity. Benefits from the available supply of Columbia River anad- ., romous fish result from commercial, sport and Indian fishing. These beneff:ts cannot be directly measured through market prices, however, and thus must be estimated. The coEj, of regulated inefficiency was used to estimate net benefits from commercially-caught fish. Regulated inefficiency results from. management policies that equate physical supply capability with market demand through regulated increases in fishing costs. Transfer costs were used as a proxy for nonexistent market prices to estimate the value of sport-caught fish. Revenue maximization using this estimating method implies that some sport fishermen will be excluded. Thus, an assumed transfer from sport to commercial catch was also taken into account. Past, present and future program costs and associated benefits indicate that the effort to preserve Columbia River anadromous fish probably could not have been justified by economic criteria in the 1930's when major costs first began. However, the share of this prograin remaining in 1965 could be justified on economic grounds if traditional capital costs were used and where alternative investment possibilities were not considered.

Application of Survey Techniques to the Dolphin, Coryphaena hippurus, Fishery of North Carolina

Abstract: North Carolina's dolphin fishery was surveyed in 1961 and 1962 to evaluate its importance to the offshore sport-fishing industry, and to develop suitable and reliable techniques for sampling a marine sport-fishery. As a prelude to the investigation, characteristics of the prominent offshore charter-boat fishery are described. Duration of the sport-fishing season, species captured, fishing methods, and economical aspects of the fishery are discussed. In 1961, catch-forms, personal enumerations, and interviews with dockmasters were used to estimate the catch of party boats, private boats, and transient charter boats. Catch by these boats was approximately 3,150 fish. The activity of resident offshore charter boats operating from the principal North Carolina ports was sampled by use of log books. Complete catch records were returned from 20% of the 90 resident boats that habitually frequented offshore waters. Ports were stratified for statistical treatment into five areas on the basis of proximity a...

Migrant Aŋlo Fishing Companies and Socio-Political Change: A Comparative Study

Abstract: THE Arlo are an Ewe-speaking people who occupy the low-lying coastal area between the Volta river in Ghana and Lome, the capital of Togo. They are among the most mobile of West African peoples, Arlo beach seine fishing companies having for many years operated from beaches as far afield as Sierra Leone and Angola. In recent years, however, the governments of certain West African countries have ordered their removal in attempts to protect the interests of indigenous fishermen. This has meant that these companies have tended more and more to return to Ghanaian beaches, but have found that the increasing mechanization of Ghanaian coastal fishing presents a serious threat to their continued operation. Despite their ubiquity and fairly long history in this part of the continent, very little sociological or anthropological work has been undertaken on these fishing organizations. Valuable information on the economic structure and functioning of Arjlo beach seine fishing companies is provided in articles by economists such as Hillz and Lawson3 and by geographers such as Grove4 and Hilton.5 The only substantial anthropological work consists of two reports of surveys undertaken by de Surgy.6 In the present paper we shall be concerned with the companies as social, as well as economic, organizations and with the question of how they relate to each other within the context of the seasonal fishing settlement. In particular, we are interested in the ways in which the economic arrangements associated with beach seine fishing directly and indirectly shape the social and political arrangements of the seasonal fishing settlement. We shall make a comparative study of two Arlo communities, one a permanent village in Arloland and the other an Arjlo fishing settlement in another part of Ghana.

Marine Fish Production in India 1950 – 1968

Abstract: The Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, since its inception in 1947, has realised the importance of collecting fish landing data on an all-India basis. In the initial stages, with only a limited number of field staff, data were collected from twelve coastal survey zones covering the entire east and west coast fish landing centres. With the expansion of the fishery resources survey schemes during the Plan periods a full fledged all the year-round sampling survey to obtain monthly and annual estimates of total marine fish landings and their group-wise composition was initiated for each maritime state. The estimates are based on the fishing effort expended in terms of man-hours and the number of fishing units of different types operated from each landing centre in a specified time. The sample survey design is a space-time stratification which was evolved after years of field-trials to suit the very special conditions prevailing in this country. It may be pointed out that since the fish are landed at innumerable centres at almost all hours round the year, it is extremely difficult to obtain a resonably accurate estimate. However, every effort has been made to reduce the percentage of error in these estimates by suitable modification of the sampling designs from time to time. At intervals of about five years, census figures on the number of fishing villages, fishing population, craft and gear are collected by the Institute on a complete enumeration basis.

A Study of Winter Flounder Mortality Rates in Great South Bay, New York

Abstract: Analyses of winter flounder tag returns indicate that since 1937 the population in Great South Bay has experienced relatively constant fishing mortality, annual mortality rate and annual natural mortality rate. There have been restrictions on the commercial fishery within the bay, however, which have resulted in decreased use of the resource by the commercial fishery. Consideration of annual natural mortality rate in relation to fish length and weight indicates that harvesting of the Great South Bay population at 8 inches will result in a maximum yield in weight.