Showing papers on "Fishing published in 1977"

Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana and Adjacent Waters

Abstract: Revised in both format and content, this new edition of the standard Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico is based on two decades' research and greater attention to deepwater habitats. The authors have revamped the taxonomic nomenclature for more than forty species and included new photos and information obtained from dives around reefs and new offshore oil structures. Other habitat conditions have changed because of severe freezes, hurricanes, intensive fishing, and government regulations on fishing. The continued accumulation of data from sport anglers and commercial fisheries is also reflected in this new volume.

Fishery resource use in a subarctic Indian community

Abstract: Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology of two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.

Results of an Experimental Fishery on the Crayfish Orconectes virilis

Abstract: Populations of the crayfish Orconectes virilis were exploited using the Paulik–Bayliff modification of the Ricker model in two small lakes. After harvesting with traps at maximum sustained yield (MSY) for 3 yr, fishing effort was increased fourfold in one lake, West Lost, for two successive seasons, while in North Twin Lake it was not changed. In West Lost yields were stable during MSY; yields increased with overexploitation, but growth and recruitment declined. Distortions occurred in the age composition of the catch. In North Twin this pattern was repeated except that in 1975 the catch dropped drastically even though fishing effort had not been increased. Because of declining recruitment, North Twin was actually overfished by about 20% in 1974 and greatly overfished in 1975. Decreased recruitment in both lakes can be attributed to two factors: (1) a decreased survival of hatchlings in both lakes due to a decline in nursery habitat; as a consequence the stock-recruitment relationship was altered; and (2)...

Approaches to estimating fish biomass and potential yield in Lake Tanganyika

Abstract: The annual fish yield of 73 000 tonnes (22.5 kg/ha) from Lake Tanganyika consists primarily of two planktivorous clupeids Stolothrissa tanganicae (Stdr.) and Limnothrissa miodon (Blgr.) and their centropomid predators, three Lates species (Nile perch) and Luciolates stappersii (Blgr.). At the north and south ends of the lake, the Lates spp. have been fished-up by purse-seines, and the clupeids and young L. stappersii predominate there. Estimates of pelagic fish biomass may employ (i) catch and fishing effort data (ii) abiotic variables (iii) echo-sounding surveys (iv) tropho-dynamic relationships.

The European Fisheries in Early Modern History

Abstract: The position of fishing in the European economy changed substantially during the early modern period. This chapter focuses on elucidating the general relationships and constraints which moulded the fishing industry and the fish trade, and the general fortunes of the cod and herring industries, rather than technical considerations. Every type of fishery is subject to enormous fluctuations in the catch. Winds and fluctuating temperatures add to the natural hazards, not just during the fishing period itself, but during the whole life cycle of the fish. In most ranges of economic activity in Europe there is evidence of a dual economy. Donald Coleman has pointed this out in relation to the cloth industry, and further investigation would shed light on its action in many other spheres. The chapter discusses Scottish herring fishery, English herring industry, Dutch herring fishery, French herring fishery, cod fishery, whale fishery, pilchard fishery and mackerel fishery.

Fishing seat, rod, and pail holder

Abstract: A collapsible apparatus for a fisherman including a plurality of support members to accommodate a fishing rod which is adjustably attached to a seat. The seat is adjustably attached to a container sufficiently high from the ground to permit the fisherman to sit in the seat comfortably while fishing. This container can be partially filled with water so that the fish caught can be placed therein and so that they remain fresh.

Fishing lure simulating fish bait

Abstract: A fishing lure designed to attract fish by means of having a smell and taste of natural baits, so that a fisherman may catch more fish; the invention of the present application presenting several different models thereof wherein a basic feature includes a hollow lure body containing a cut or ground up frozen bait of cotton saturated with a combination of liquid fish extracts for salt and fresh water fishing; the hollow body being perforated with openings so that the content can slowly ooze outwardly and into the water around the lure.

Effects of Color, Mesh Size, Fishing in Seasonal Concentrations, and Baiting on Catch Rates of Fishes in Gill Nets

Abstract: Increasing efficiency of gear to catch more fish per unit of effort and to catch species and sizes selectively are inherent objectives in fishery research, population control, and commercial fishing. Color and mesh sizes of gill nets, fishing in seasonal concentrations of fishes, and baiting gill nets were tested to identify single and combined factors which enhance efficiency of nets for a variety of objectives in Elephant Butte Lake, New Mexico. Catch rates of one to five species of game, forage, and commercial fishes were significantly different (P < 0.10) in nets of any of nine colors than they were in white nets. Seasonal differences occurred between multifilament and monofilament nets. Stretch-meshes ranging from 5.1 to 15.2 cm were selective for all species and the three groups of fishes. Selectivity changed linearly in 10.2-, 12.7-, and 15.2-cm meshes; catches of commercial fish increased and those of game and forage fishes decreased with increasing mesh size. Concentrations of several sp...

Analyse et estimation des puissances de pêche

Abstract: -An analysis of the fishing power concepts leads to a distinction between local fishing power (at a given location). and overall fishing power. Overall fishing power takes into account the ability to detect and quickly exploit rich areas. In order to estimate local fishing power it is necessary t o compare the catches of different ships operating in neighbouring areas. Such a comparison performed on two ships will give an estimate of their relative fishing powers. The closer the two ships are, the more reliable will be the estimate. A weighting function must be used, and this function is related to the spatial heterogeneity of the fish density. Such a function is provided by the variogram as defined by Matheron (1965).Overall fishing powers can be estimated using Robson's method (1966) where no division into spatial blocks is made: the fact that a ship is in a rich or a poor area must be related to the strategic component of its overall fishing power. A comparison between local and overall fishing powers may give a good insight of the strategic activity of the fishing fleet. The North East Atlantic albacore (Thunnus alalunga) surface fishery, more precisely its French component, has been studied as an example. The variograms have been estimated and appear to give a significant description of the spatial heterogeneity of the fish density. Individual local and overall fishing powers have been estimated. These calculations give information about the relative influences of local fishing powers and strategic abilities in overall fishing powers. If the strategic index is defined as the ratio of the overall to the local fishing power it appears that the local fishing power is generally the major component of the overall fishing power of a ship; and that the strategic component cannot be neglected as important differences occur between individual strategic indices. The first result may not be true within the Spanish fleet where some ships are unable to reach the best areas at the beginning of the fishing season. Some explanations emerge cbncerning individual local fishing powers and strategic indices. Local fishing power must be related first to type of gear used (bait boats and trollers appear in the fishery), and secondly to the home port of a ship. The strategic index must be essentially related to the home port. Some statistical inferences are possible only from the estimates of local fishing power. The differences which appear between yearly estimates of the strategic index of the same ships suggest that strong random components affect these estimates.

Attachment for fishing lines

Abstract: An attachment for a fishing line which comprises an elongated sinker for locking onto a fishing line. The interior of the sinker contains members which lockingly grasp the fishing line and the exterior of the fishing line sinker comprises an elongated member having a streamlined shape. The sinker body can be mounted on the fishing line so the sinker body remains symmetrical with respect to the fishing line to thereby produce a weedless sinker that is always in alignment with the fishing line.

Fishery Oceanography of Striped Marlin-II

Abstract: The distribution of striped marlin, Tetrapturus audax, in the Pacific Ocean is known to form a horseshoe-shaped pattern, extending both ways to the northwestern and southwestern Pacific with the eastern tropical Pacific the apex. The southern Coral Sea fishing ground which is located in the western extremity of the South Pacific Ocean is known to be an important spawning ground for the species. To study the spawning stock, the author examined the fishing season, the shifts in fishing grounds, and the movement pattern of the striped marlin through the analysis of data obtained from the tuna longline fishery. The results were as follows: 1. The catch rate (catch per 100hooks) of striped marlin in the southern Coral Sea usually begins to increase in September, and the fishing season continues until January. The fishing season peaks between November and December. 2. The productive fishing grounds in November and December are located in the area from lat. 20°-30°S, long. 154°-160°E, and also along lat. 20°S in waters off the northwestern coast of New Caledonia. 3. Based on the movement of the fishing grounds, it can be surmised that the striped marlin occurring in the southern Coral Sea have their origin in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In September through the area bounded by lat. 25°-25°S, long. 170°W-180° and later through the area bounded by lat. 25°-30°S, long. 170°E-180°. They subsequently congregate around lat. 25°-30°S, long. 160°E. The movement in the southern Coral Sea is towards the north beginning in October, and southward beginning in January.

Resource Underutilization in a Spider Crab Industry

Abstract: Underutilization in a spider crab fishery was large with respect to 1974 landings of 3300 metric tons (t). Potentially 1600 t were lost by not fishing all commercial stocks; at least 264 t were discarded in plants because they were too small, soft-shelled, or dead; an additional unmeasured quantity of small and soft-shelled crabs was discarded at the dock or on the fishing grounds and did not survive; 894 t were lost to the groundfish gill net fishery; and 10 t were lost to lost traps. The above losses can be substantially reduced by expanding the fishery to unfished areas, by educating the industry to optimum holding conditions for live crabs, and by the following regulations: (1) providing for a minimum mesh size on traps; (2) requiring that undersized and soft-shelled crabs be returned to the water on the fishing grounds; and (3) providing for ad hoc closure of grounds yielding a high proportion of soft-shelled crabs in catches. No suitable solution has been found to prevent the loss of crabs ...

Stern fishing system

Abstract: A stern fishing system utilizing a power block and purse seine net which is launched and retrieved from the stern of a fishing boat. When the net has been pursed, it may contain fish such as tuna, as well as a number of porpoises. For ecology reasons, the porpoise should be released unharmed. Such release is accomplished by driving the fishing boat forward so as to cause the edge of the net most aft of the fishing boat to be temporarily submerged permitting the trapped porpoise to leap from the confines of the net and back into the open sea.

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) tagging within Chesapeake Bay and updating of growth equations

Abstract: Early summer concentrations discovered by sportfishermen in Chesapeake Bay allowed tagging and release of twenty fish. Six returns were received from sport catches up to five years after release (1,855 days). Sport fishing mortality was 0.30 ±0.21 with P=95%.

Fishery Resource Use in a Subarctic

Abstract: Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology of two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.

Pond inlet, northern Baffin island: The structure of an Eskimo resource area

Abstract: The structure and yield of hunting, trapping and fishing areas around Pond Inlet in northern Baffin Land are analyzed on the basis of interviews with local Eskimos. Despite the abandonment of outlying Eskimo camps and the concentration of population in the central settlement of Pond Inlet since the 1960's, virtually all the former hunting and fishing areas continue to be exploited. However, the intensity of use (in number of fishing or hunting days per km2) is highest in the immediate vicinity of the central settlement, as is also the intensity of yield (in kilo cats per km2 and in dollar revenue per km). On the basis of optimal daily energy requirements in Arctic regions, local hunting and fishing are found to supply less than 29 percent of food energy needs; Eskimos evidently show a growing preference for foodstuffs of southern Canadian origin. Fieldwork in 1973–74 was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. (The translation is by William Barr, University of Saskatchewan.)

Reproduction of the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) in the Hardap Dam, South West Africa

Abstract: Clarias gariepinus which is an important angling and commercial fish in South West Africa was studied over a period of ten months. This species grows to a larger average size in the Hardap Dam than in most other waters studied.

The English Fishing Industry in the Sixteenth Century: The Case of Great Yarmouth

Abstract: For all the pride which it engendered among contemporaries, who saw in the Tudor fisheries a nursery for English seamen and even a hallmark for the national identity, the fishing industry in the sixteenth century has received scant attention from English historians. This neglect has been doubly unfortunate. On the one hand, it leaves us in general ignorance of the industry itself: its organization, personnel, productivity, and economic importance in both national and regional terms. On the other, it has denied us the opportunity to observe a tradition-bound industry of considerable antiquity as it faced the political, economic, and technological changes of the post-medieval era. The format of an essay cannot reasonably encompass a detailed study of a major industry, but the selection of a particular case for study can at least present a helpful paradigm for the whole, and fill part of the void in the existing literature. The fishing industry of Great Yarmouth seems an appropriate choice. The fact that herring collected off the mouth of the River Yare each September for as far back as man can remember has made the association of Yarmouth and fishing as old as it is logical. Fishermen plied those grounds from at least the sixth century, making the town one of the earliest recorded fishing centres of Northern Europe, and well before the Conquest townsmen had dedicated their parish church to St. Nicholas, patron of fishermen. Throughout the Middle Ages Yarmouth stood alone as the chief supplier of herring, a dietary staple to the English market, and ranked near the top of the European fishing industry.

The law of the sea and management of anadromous fish stocks

Abstract: Unilateral declarations of 200‐mi fishing zones by coastal states are likely to find universal recognition in new articles of international law. These probably will conform to the Single Negotiating Text currently under discussion in continuing sessions of the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea. The articles of this Text are clearly designed to protect and strengthen the fisheries rights of coastal states. Ironically, the new rules may prove counterproductive in respect of the major salmon stocks that migrate beyond 200‐mi limits. Effective protection of state‐of‐origin rights on the high seas beyond these limits will be difficult. Distant water fishing fleets experiencing reduced access to 200‐mi coastal zones will be tempted to increase, their efforts on stocks found in the remaining high seas. Salmon interception by neighboring states will also remain a problem. The article analyzes protective strategies and accommodations that may be pursued by states of origin.