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Showing papers on "Fishing published in 1979"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method of regulating commercial fisheries by providing fishing enterprises with transferable rights to harvest specific quantities of fish is described and analyzed in terms of its incentives for fish harvesting.
Abstract: A method of regulating commercial fisheries by providing fishing enterprises with transferable rights to harvest specific quantities of fish is described and analyzed in terms of its incentives for...

174 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In Oceania, the "hunting-and-gathering" component of subsistence is focused primarily upon the sea and its varied resources as discussed by the authors, and most of the technological apparatus and behavioural strategies for marine exploitation are unique developments, and not mere transferences of land hunting devices.
Abstract: In Oceania, the "hunting-and-gathering" component of subsistence is focused primarily upon the sea and its varied resources. This is particularly so in inner or "remote" Oceania,1 for as one ventures eastward from the larger continental islands of New Guinea and island Melanesia, the indigenous terrestrial flora and fauna become increasingly less numerous. The impov erished land biotas of the Polynesian islands excepting only the avifauna offered but a restricted range of potential foodstuffs. At the same time, however, the coral reef communities, lagoons, and pelagic waters around the tropical Pacific islands support a large number of edible fish, molluscs, crust cea, echinoderms, seaweeds, and the like. We would emphasise further that "hunting-and-gathering" is as apt a rubric for marine exploitation as it is for the exploitation of a terrestrial biota. Seaweeds and invertebrates are certainly gathered, and anyone who has participated in a Polynesian fishing expedition will realise that fishing is by no means a passive activity; the excitement of the chase is just as fully expressed as among the more often cited land-based hunters. To be sure, there are significant differences between land and sea hunting, these being in large part a reflection of the unique characteristics of the sea buoyancy, turbulence, refraction of light, and the general unsuitedness of man for the marine environment (Hewes 1948). Thus, most of the technological apparatus and behavioural strategies for marine exploitation are unique developments, and not mere transferences of land hunting devices. While terrestrial hunting is almost certainly of a greater antiquity than marine exploitation, the origins of sea hunting-and-gathering clearly extend well into the Pleistocene among people inhabiting the littoral margins of the continents. The ultimate origins of Oceanic fishing strategies doubtless lie in insular South-east Asia, that region of the "shadow" continents Sunda and Sahul, whose coasts and shorelines shifted so remarkably during the Pleistocene (Jones 1977). Sauer's hypotheses (Sauer 1952) on the origins of coastal South-east Asian adaptations of the interactions of the littoral

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of recreational fishing is developed and conditions for optimal management policy, with special attention given to functional relationships that must be empirically verified, and determinants of the optimal allocation between commercial and recreational fishing effort are derived.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the success of Canada's Pacific salmon fleet rationalization program is evaluated in terms of the extent to which it has prevented fishing costs from rising, and the available statistical data are analyzed to appraise the success.
Abstract: The available statistical data are analyzed to appraise the success of Canada's Pacific salmon fleet rationalization program, in terms of the extent to which it has prevented fishing costs from ris...

64 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Between 1974–1977 the gonads of a number of commercial reef fishes were examined during a study of gear improvement and stock assessment along the East African Coastal waters.
Abstract: Between 1974–1977 the gonads of a number of commercial reef fishes were examined during a study of gear improvement and stock assessment along the East African Coastal waters. Different methods of fishing ranging from modern methods of trawling to local methods of traps were used. Twenty-one families with a total of 73 species were examined. The spawning of these species occurred throughout the year with two peaks in January to March and September to November. The highest peak of breeding was in October, corresponding to the time of the South East Monsoons, and to the highest water temperature.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article investigated changes in fish communities due to changes in water levels, temperature, shoreline configuration, circulation, inflow, watershed conditions, bathymetry, bottom materials, siltation, water conditions, aquatic macrophytes, plankton, benthic invertebrates, stocked fish, commercial and sport fishing.

58 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mortality of age II hatchery-reared landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hooked on four types of fishing gear was evaluated by conducting experiments at the Casco and Grand Lake (Maine) Fish-cultural Stations, in spring 1976-78.
Abstract: The mortality of age II hatchery-reared landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hooked on four types of fishing gear was evaluated by conducting experiments at the Casco and Grand Lake (Maine) Fish-cultural Stations, in spring 1976-78. An additional experiment to evaluate mortality of fish purposely deep-hooked on worms was conducted in 1978. Of 1221 fish caught on all gear types, only 5% died after hooking; less than 1% of the 300 control fish died. No significant differences (χ², P < 0.05) were demonstrated in mortality among the four gear types (treble- and single-hook hardware lures, flies, earthworms). Of total mortalities, 89% died within 24 h. Of 106 salmon purposely allowed to swallow worm baits, 73% died. Of 56 fish in which the hook was left in place and the leader cut at the mouth, 57% died during the 14-day holding period. A significantly greater mortality (90%; \[cho\]², P < 0.05) was experienced for 50 deeply hooked salmon from which hooks were removed. Reasons for possible underes...

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare and evaluate the relative abundances of several species recorded in the vicinity of fishing vessels with those recorded, on the same day, away from fishing vessels.
Abstract: Seabirds in many areas of the world feed on fish, crustaceans and other organic matter discarded from fishing vessels working over continental shelves or other fishing grounds (Rees 1963, Grindley 1967, Jenkins 1971, Bartle 1974, Jehl 1974, Summerhayes et al. 1974). Our observations off the coast of Washington (Wahl 1975) have enabled us to quantitatively examine such behavior in terms of the effect of fisheries discards on the dispersion of different seabird species, and the relative importance of different types of vessels to different species. In this paper we compare and evaluate the relative abundances of several species recorded in the vicinity of fishing vessels with those recorded, on the same day, away from fishing vessels. The results of these analyses are discussed in relation to our observations of the feeding behavior of the different species at fishing vessels.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A mathematical model that simulates the effect of selective fishing on the size distributions of populations of trout is presented and the observed changes in the population over the period 1959 to 1977 in a test stretch of the Au Sable River agree quite well with the computations.
Abstract: A mathematical model that simulates the effect of selective fishing on the size distributions of populations of trout is presented. The model assumes that the growth rate is genetically controlled ...

47 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Curvilinear multiple regression analysis was used to examine the large variation in fishing effort, gear composition, and catches around the lake and suggest fishing practices that would give highest yields.
Abstract: The inshore fishery of Lake Victoria has symptoms of severe overfishing. Curvilinear multiple regression analysis was used to examine the large variation in fishing effort, gear composition, and ca...

46 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the gross annual return from Michigan's 105,855 acres of coastal wetlands has been estimated based on annual expenditures by recreational participants and standard values of recreation days, as well as estimated sport and commercial harvests.
Abstract: On the basis of annual expenditures by recreational participants and standard values of recreation days, as well as estimated sport and commercial harvests, the gross annual return from Michigan's 105,855 acres of coastal wetlands has been estimated. Analysis of fish, wildlife, and recreational values revealed that in 1977 these wetland areas generated an economic value of $489.69 per wetland acre, for a direct annual gross of $51.8 million. Specifically, these average return values per wetland acre/year, in descending order, are sport fishing ($286), nonconsumptive recreation ($138.24), waterfowl hunting ($31.23), trapping of furbearers ($30.44), and commercial fishing ($3.78). These gross annual return values were calculated in an effort to sensitize the general public to the diversity and possible magnitude of selected wetland functions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal and free market utilization of the lobster fishery was analyzed and the welfare losses from overutilization of the fishing areas were examined. And the results were applied to two fishing areas in Canada.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the absence of good information about net social benefits for open access activities, decision makers tend to respond to measures which reflect the total level of economic activi cation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: There is a rich literature in economics dealing with the inefficiencies of the competitive allocation of open access resources. Economists working in the area of outdoor recreation have devised several methods for simulating market demand curves for estimating social benefits. Recreational fishing, most especially marine fishing, is one of those activities competing for the use of open access resources that requires the estimation of social benefit functions. In the absence of good information about net social benefits for open access activities, decision makers tend to respond to measures which reflect the total level of economic activ-

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Traditional fishing with captive cormorants was observed on the Li-Kiang River in China, where the birds were allowed to eat the eighth fish without which they refused to fish again.
Abstract: Traditional fishing with captive cormorants was observed on the Li-Kiang River. After catching seven fish the birds were allowed to eat the eighth. Without this reward they refused to fish again. These birds could apparently count up to seven.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present techniques developed at the Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFC) of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to estimate recruitment, total biomass, fishing mortality, and other parameters based on bottom-trawl survey data.
Abstract: Applications of bottom-trawl survey data to fish stock assessment are reviewed. Techniques developed at the Northeast Fisheries Center (NEFC) of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to estimate recruitment, total biomass, fishing mortality, and other parameters based on bottom-trawl survey data are presented and evaluated, using examples from past and current assessments.

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Feb 1979-Science
TL;DR: Lake Victoria's artisanal fishery has an overfishing problem, and a possible solution is suggested by records showing that fish catches are best where predator populations have been reduced by fishing.
Abstract: Lake Victoria's artisanal fishery has an overfishing problem. A possible solution is suggested by records showing that fish catches are best where predator populations have been reduced by fishing. It may be possible to remedy overfishing by increasing fishing effort, provided the additional effort is directed toward predators.

01 Nov 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the environmental effects of offshore oil platforms with regard to an increase in sport-fishing were discussed with respect to fish populations, species diversity, underwater habitats, and food chains.
Abstract: The environmental effects of Louisiana's offshore oil platforms are discussed with regard to an increase in sport-fishing. The effects upon fish populations, species diversity, underwater habitats, and food chains from the offshore platforms are obtained from several summaries of studies undertaken between 1970-1979. (DS)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The behaviour of four harbour seals was documented while they were feeding on live trout, and the removal of their vibrissae temporarily impaired their ability to capture fish.
Abstract: The behaviour of four harbour seals was documented while they were feeding on live trout. Two of these seals were captured as yearlings and two were acquired as newly weaned pups. After a reliable description of their feeding behaviour was obtained they were observed fishing with and without the aid of their vibrissae, in murky and in clear water. The seals captured as pups took longer to locate fish when the water was murky, but the removal of their vibrissae had no effect on any of the behaviours measured. The seals captured as yearlings were not affected by reduced visibility, but the removal of their vibrissae temporarily impaired their ability to capture fish.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: Around the coastal seas of the Indian and western Pacific oceans, fishermen encounter sea snakes every day; they are not aggressive, and even when they do bite man, rarely inject much of their highly toxic venom.
Abstract: Sea snakes are the most abundant and widely dispersed of the world’s venomous reptiles. Around the coastal seas of the Indian and western Pacific oceans, fishermen encounter sea snakes every day. Sea snake venoms are highly toxic. One “drop” (about 0.03 ml) contains enough venom to kill three adult men; some sea snake species can eject seven to eight such “drops” in a single bite. Fortunately for fishermen, sea snakes are not aggressive, and even when they do bite man, rarely inject much of their highly toxic venom. If this were not the case, deaths from sea snakebite would probably stop all sea fishing in many parts of Asia—and in these vast areas, fish are a most valuable source of high-quality protein.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1979-Arctic
TL;DR: In this article, domestic or subsistence fisheries of the eastern James Bay Cree were studied, mainly in Fort George, by direct observation, and they were characterized by large numbers of participants, low catches per day and per fisherman, but high catches per length of net used, as compared to commercial fisheries.
Abstract: Domestic or subsistence fisheries of the eastern James Bay Cree were studied, mainly in Fort George, by direct observation. These fisheries were characterized by large numbers of participants, low catches per day and per fisherman, but high catches per length of net used, as compared to commercial fisheries. Most stocks appear lightly utilized, but in the vicinity of larger settlements there is evidence that some stocks are overfished. The total catch may be increased by distributing the fishing effort more evenly over a larger area. Fish resource base of the region appears suitable for supporting local economic development with respect to recreational fisheries and native-run commercial fisheries for the local market, as well as maintaining the domestic fishery.


Journal ArticleDOI

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined a number of possible explanations such as changes in fishing technology and various ecological factors, and concluded that the reasons for these observed fluctuations may vary considerably from one case to another, but where large numbers were caught by prehistoric people who had access to alternative fish resources, unreliability of some major aspect of the economy may be inferred.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The importance of Lake Chilwa as a commercial fishery was first recognized by Hornby (1963) as mentioned in this paper, who estimated that 9000 tonnes wet weight of fish were being cropped annually from the lake, based on net sales from Blantyre factory and a short survey of fish leaving the jetty at Kachulu.
Abstract: The importance of Lake Chilwa as a commercial fishery was first recognized by Hornby (1963). He ‘conservatively’ estimated that 9000 tonnes wet weight of fish were being cropped annually from Lake Chilwa. He based this estimate partly on net sales from his Blantyre factory and partly on a short survey of fish leaving the jetty at Kachulu. As early as 1942 Hickling had recommended that information be gathered on the fish and fisheries of Lake Chilwa and this recommendation was repeated by Lowe (1952), because the fish yields were inconsistent and dependent on the condition of the lake. Catches of fish were reduced at times of very low water when fishing became difficult and the water notably alkaline and unsuitable for many fish. It was not until 1961 that the colonial administration appointed a Fish Ranger to supplement the Fishery Assistant who had been periodically based at Kachulu since 1952. The first official estimate of fish landings was for 1963, the year that Hornby circulated his private findings. The government figure was 3260 tonnes. This figure rose to 8820 tonnes by 1965 and the value of the fishery was established beyond doubt. The first Fisheries Research Officer was appointed by the Malawi Government in 1964.

Patent
14 Aug 1979


01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In the last thirty years, the catches of Atlantic salmon in Iceland gradually increased to reach 80, 000 fishes in 1978 as mentioned in this paper, and this increase is due to the possibility for the fishes to grow, to repopulation but also to the total prohibition of sea fishing, thus favouring the development of sea-ranching.
Abstract: Over the last thirty years, the catches of Atlantic salmon in Iceland gradually increased to reach 80 000 fishes in 1978. This increase is due to the possibility for the fishes to grow, to repopulation but also to the total prohibition of sea fishing, thus favouring the development of sea-ranching . The sea-ranching projects conducted since 1963 have enabled return rates of 4-5 % with records of 10-15 %. [...]

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In terms of economics, fish is a "free good" to be gathered by anyone without licence in Lake Chilwa as discussed by the authors, and with a little capital (usually obtained by earning elsewhere) a boat may be acquired which gives a man the opportunity of becoming a full-time fisherman or a specialist fish trader collecting catches from outlying parts of the lake.
Abstract: In terms of economics, fish is a ‘free good’ to be gathered by anyone without licence in Lake Chilwa. By the simplest gear made from local fibres into basket traps or nets, by line fishing or spearing, any man has the means of supplying food to the household, of bartering fish for other goods or selling the catch for a little cash. Then with a little capital (usually obtained by earning elsewhere) a boat may be acquired which gives a man the opportunity of becoming a full-time fisherman or a specialist fish trader collecting catches from outlying parts of the lake. The full-time fisherman may extend his enterprise by hiring labour to work more sophisticated gill or seine nets and the fish trader may process larger hauls of fish and sell in bulk.

Patent
12 Jun 1979
TL;DR: A support device for use in sport fishing to hold a plurality of fishing rods unattended is described in this article, with at least two clamps or brackets to anchor the device securely to a railing on a boat, or the holder may be secured to the deck after first removing the clamps.
Abstract: A support device for use in sport fishing to hold a plurality of fishing rods unattended The device has at least two clamps or brackets to anchor the device securely to a railing on a boat, or the holder may be secured to the deck, after first removing the clamps The fishing rods will be retained adequately enough within the device to permit the user to leave the fishing rod unattended in the device while trolling, with the fishing line trailing out behind the boat