Showing papers on "Fishing published in 1982"

The Biology of the Clupeoid Fishes

Abstract: Publisher Summary Clupeoid populations have undergone striking increases, followed by precipitous and catastrophic declines, which have caused the collapse of the fishing industry. These fluctuations have been caused by great natural variability in recruitment and by its interaction with fishing policy and economics. A probable combination of overfishing and natural changes also caused declines in other clupeoid stocks during the past few decades. Most clupeoids have a short life span; they recruit at 1-3 years of age and rarely live beyond 5-10 years of age except for some herring stocks, especially the Atlanto-Scandian herring. Early maturation implies that the asymptotic length (L∞) is reached rapidly and growth is not very significant in older fish. As a result most overfishing of clupeoids is classed as “recruitment” rather than “growth” overfishing. Nevertheless some classic cases exist of particular year-classes dominating a fishery for several years. In such cases, the importance of the year-class lies in its numbers rather than in the weight increase as the fish becomes older. The aim of this chapter is to describe the present status of knowledge on the behavior and physiology of clupeoids with particular reference to their ecology. Some of the advances have been made possible by improvements in the ability to rear larval stages and to catch, transport and keep the older stages in captivity, and by greatly improved techniques such as aerial photography, video systems, sampling gear, and apparatus.

Words of the Lagoon: Fishing and Marine Lore in the Palau District of Micronesia.

Abstract: paracanthurus hepatus wikipedia la enciclopedia libre paracanthurus hepatus llamado com nmente pez cirujano azul pez cirujano regal es un pez de arrecife perteneciente a la familia acanthuridae, hookah hookup athens hours thekingdomstory org part two tight tearing trollopbr after seeing the fragrant satine sucking my cock with gusto it was difficult to imagine that only weeks ago she was on her bended, le live marseille aller dans les plus grandes soir es retrouvez toutes les discoth que marseille et se retrouver dans les plus grandes soir es en discoth que marseille

Contracting Problems and Regulation: The Case of the Fishery

Abstract: The inefficiencies of common property fisheries are of continuing concern to economists' The early work by Scott Gordon (1954) and Anthony Scott (1955) outlined the problem and later studies by James Crutchfield and Giulio Pontecorvo (1969) and Frederick Bell (1972) provided empirical estimates of the losses that result Those studies were followed by the dynamic models of Colin Clark (1976), and James Quirk and Vernon Smith (1970) of optimal harvest rates and the use of corrective taxes or quotas to achieve them But in spite of a large and growing literature and the persuasiveness of the outlined efficiency criteria, most fisheries retain common property aspects with overcapitalization and excessive labor input Why those conditions persist and the failure of the regulatory response to them are the issues addressed in this paper We examine a number of fisheries, but focus on the Texas shrimp industry, which is one of the nation's most valuable fisheries for a single species and which shares the common property characteristics observed elsewhere It is considered overcapitalized and catch per unit of effort is falling2 Examination of the fishery reveals the many margins along which rent dissipation occurs and the nature of the regulations necessary for controlling fishing effort to avoid those losses The regulatory environment in Texas is complicated by conflict within the fishery between inshore and offshore fishermen The latter assert that bay shrimping reduces the number of shrimp that successfully migrate to the Gulf The inshore fishery is highlighted by another issue-the recent resettlement of some 30-45,000 Vietnamese refugees, including many fishermen, along the Texas Coast (Marine Advisory Service, Paul Starr) Their entry has been met by hostility and violence from existing shrimpers who recognize that they are in an environment characterized by the absence of property rights Bay shrimpers have lobbied the Texas Legislature for broad limits on new entrants Yet, ironically, the sale of additional boats by individual shrimpers to the Vietnamese has facilitated entry of the refugees into the fishery Regulations in the Texas shrimp and other fisheries are incomplete, leaving many options for rent dissipation uncontrolled, because of high contracting costs among fishermen and political factors that mold government actions Contracting costs are high among heterogeneous fishermen, who vary principally with regard to fishing skill3 *Montana State University and Texas A&M University, respectively We benefitted from comments by Terry Anderson, Raymond C Battalio, Gardner Brown, Oscar Burt, Micha Gisser, Wade Griffin, John R Moroney, Anthony D Scott, Peter Temin, and participants in workshops at Texas A&M University and the University of Washington Research assistance was provided by Scott Barnhart and Phil Mizzi Funding was provided by Sea Grant, Texas A&M University 'Throughout this paper we use the terms common property and open access interchangeably Here the terms describe a situation where no property rights, group, or individual exist(s) for the resource 2Catch per unit of effort in the inshore Texas Gulf and Federal Gulf waters is presented for 1963-77 by W L Griffin, C G Tydlacka, and W E Grant They show catch per unit of effort generally falling in inshore and offshore waters While catch per unit of effort fluctuates from year to year, it falls from approximately 360 kg shrimp per unit of effort to 220 kg from 1963 to 1977 The common property nature of the fishery is reflected in the following statistics Since 1975 the number of vessels has grown by 23 percent (Nelson Swartz) For fish houses the record of entry is similar Between 1970 a d 1977, the number of firms grew from 259 to 287, though during that period, many left the industry as others entered The number of fish houses was calculated from license data supplied by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department The record of entry by fish houses suggests that monopsony as discussed by Colin Clark and Gordon Munro is absent in the fishery 3There may be minor differences in labor-leisure choices and capital, but our statistical evidence and discussions with fishermen indicate that catch variations are largely due to skill Government regulations in the Texas bays restrict capital, and our empirical evidence shows boats to be relatively homogeneous

Research on Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Survey

Abstract: This survey focuses on the rural economy which is broadly defined to include the agricultural sector plus rural nonfarm activities such as small-scale industry, trade, processing, and fishing. It reviews research on migration, employment, and income distribution in order to understand linkages between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors.

The Collapse of the California Sardine Fishery What Have We learned

Abstract: For a number of years, Federal scientists, employed by an agency whose primary goal was to assist the development of the U.S. commercial fisheries, looked for causes, other than fishing, for the F’acZic sardine’s decline, while California State scientists, charged with the role of protector of the State’s resources, sought reasons to support the premise that ovefishing was having an effect. At the same time, scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography looked for fundamental generalizations in theory rather than the activities of man to explain changes in fish populations. For many years, California State personnel struggled without success to gain control over a burgeoning, and later declining sardine fishery. Faced with the possibility that legislation might be enacted, giving the California Fish and Game Commission control over the sardine fishery, the California fishing industry sponsored the formation of the Marine Research Committee to collect and disburse funds and to coordinate and sponsor more “needed” research, thereby forestalling any action to allow management of the fishery to come under the authority of the California Fish and Game Commission. Subsequently, the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) was formed, under which cooperative research proceeded. Oceanic conditions (temperature) was found to affect profoundly the distribution, year-class production, and yield of sardines. Nonintermingling or only partially intermingling stocks of sardines have been described. Considerable attention has been focused on the complementary role of sardines and anchovies as competing species acting as a single biomass while competing with each other as part of that biomass. Confirmation of this hypothesis was found to have been based on faulty interpretation of basic data. If such a relationship exists, it still needs to be demonstrated. Density-controlling mechanisms, however, which may be of greater importance, include predation, cannibalism, and other behavioral characteristics. Schooling behavior, for instance, which has evolved through natural selection to decrease mortality from predation, may work toward destruction of the prey species when it is confronted by a fishery which evolves more rapidly than does the species defense against it. A model that is consistent with the results of all the previous studies on the sardine must bring one to the conclusion that the present scarcity of sardines off the coast of California, and their absence off the northwest, is an inescapable climax, given the characteristics and magnitude of the fishery and the behavior and life history of the species.

Movement and speed of dolphin schools responding to an approaching ship

Abstract: Eight dolphin schools of the species Stenella attenuata. S. longk-ostris, and S. coeruleoalba were approached by ship and observed from a helicopter in the eastern Pacific to study their response to the vessel. All schools swam away from the projected track of the aproaching ship. Their movement, relative to the ship, followed paths that curved around the ship. Average swimming speeds while avoiding the ship varied from 5.1 to 8.8 knots. In some cases avoidance apparently began at 6 or more miles away from the ship. The effect of this behavior on shipboard censusingof dolphins is discussed. In the eastern tropical Pacific, tuna fishermen encircle with purse seine nets schools of certain small cetaceans, mainly spotted and spinner dolphins, Stenella attenuata and S. longirostris, to capture the yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, with which they are associated (Perrin 1969, 1970). The resulting incidental kill of dolphins has led the National Marine Fisheries Service to study the status of these cetacean populations, as required by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Data collected from commercial fishing boats and research vessels are important in determining the distribution and abundance of the dolphins. In the areas of intensive "porpoise fishing," dolphins are apparently learning from their experience with nets and fishing vessels. The animals are recaptured with purse seines frequently enough to have possibly learned to position themselves within the net to better facilitate their own release (Pryor and Kang'). More importantly, they may also have developed various behaviors to avoid detection by a fishing vessel and to reduce their chances of capture (Pryor and Kang footnote 2; Stuntz and Perrin3). Dolphin schools, especially of the spotted and spinner dolphin species, commonly swim rapidly away from approaching ships. This behavior is

A MULTISPECIES ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL DEEP-SEA HANDLINE FISHERY IN HAWAll

Abstract: In the Hawaiian Islands 13 species of bottom fish are commonly harvested in the commercial deep­ sea handline fishery. These are all high-level carnivores, including snappers, jacks, and a species of grouper, which are sought in water depths ranging from 60 to 350 m. Cluster analyses performed on the Hawaii Division of Fish and Game commercial catch report data suggest the existence of three bottom fish species groups which apparently segregate on the basis of depth distribution. These groups seem to be stable through time and similar among differing geographic localities. Two measures of fishing effort, catch-records and fisherman-days, were compared to determine which is more suitable for use in stock-production analyses. Fisherman-days was selected because, among other reasons, it repeatedly demonstrates a stronger negative correlation with catch per unit effort. Application of the Schaefer stock-production model to this multispecies fishery on a species-by­ species basis provides an inadequate description of productivity. When catch statistics are aggregated according to the three cluster analysis species groups the results are much improved. In this regard consistently significant results and production estimates were obtained from the Maui­ Lanai-Kahoolawe-Molokai bank, a region which presently accounts for about half of the total Hawaii catch. No significant interaction amongthe cluster groups was detected. When all 13 bottom fish species are analyzed together, the results are in agreement with the preceding analysis. Examining the aggregation process suggests that the model based on the intermediate level of aggregation (cluster groups) explains slightly more of the variation in total catch than does the model which treats all 13 species together. We estimate the annual maximumsustainable yield of the commercial deep-sea handline fishery around the Maui-Lanai-Kahoolawe-Molokai bank to be 106 metric tons or about 272 kg/nmi of 100­ fathom isobath. Because recreational catch is unaccounted for these figures are considered lower bounds for the gross production obtainable from this type of fishery although currently the commercial fishery is operating close to this maximum-sustainable-yield level.

Growth and Mortality of Red Snappers in the West-Central Atlantic Ocean and Northern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract: Age, growth rates, mortality, and length-weight relationships were determined for red snappers Lutjanus campechanus from two areas in the west central Atlantic Ocean and two in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Growth rates varied only slightly among areas. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was Lt = 975(1 - e−0.16(t-0.0)) for fish from the Atlantic and Lt = 941(1 - e− 0.17(t + 0.1)) for fish from the Gulf of Mexico, where Lt is length at age t in years. The length-weight equation differed among areas, but no difference was evident between sexes. This equation for fish from all areas pooled was W = 2.04 × 10−5TL2.953, where W is weight in grams and TL is total length in mm. Significant differences were found in total instantaneous mortality rates. The rate ranged from 0.39 for fish off the coast of North Carolina and South Carolina to 0.78 for fish off the coast of Louisiana. Age of full recruitment to the fishery ranged from 2 years off Louisiana to 6 years off the Carolinas. Fishing mortality appea...

A Methodology for Estimating Area Fished for Baited Hooks and Traps Along a Ground Line

Abstract: The methodology that estimates area fished for baited hooks or traps involves experimental fishing of strings of baited hooks or traps at different spacing along a ground line. This methodology ena...

The relations between 0+ fish density, zooplankton size and the vulnerability of pikeperch, Stizostedion lucioperca, to angling in the Frisian lakes

Abstract: During a five year study, the size and abundance of zooplankton and 0+ fish in September were registered in a number of Frisian lakes. The mean size of Daphnia was related to the abundance of planktivorous 0+ fish in September. Immigration of fish larvae into the Frisian Lake District from the IJsselmeer in June was observed in 1979 and 1980. The abundance of 0+ fish was negatively related and the size of Daphnia was positively related to the vulnerability to angling of predatory pikeperch.

Small-scale fisheries of San Miguel Bay, Philippines: occupational and geographic mobility

Abstract: 1 Too Many Fishermen, Too Few Fish 1 THE DILEMMA OF SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT 1 DIVERSIFICATION AND ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVES FOR SMALL-SCALE FISHERMEN 2 FIELD METHODOLOGY AND DATA SOURCES 3 The Setting of the Study 3 SAN MIGUEL BAY 3 FISHING IN SAN MIGUEL BAY 6 THE "BABY TRAWLERS" OF SAN MIGUEL BAY 8 Local Alternatives to Fishing: Limited Options and Opportunities 9 THE NEED FOR ALTERNATIVES TO FISHING 9 PRESENT DEPENDENCE ON FISHING 10 LIMITED INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURE 10 AGRICULTURAL OPTIONS AND OPPORTUNITIES 12 LOWLAND AND UPLAND AGRICULTURE 13 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 16 AQUACULTURE 18 THE LOCAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 19 COTTAGE INDUSTRY 20 FISHING OUTSIDE SAN MIGUEL BAY 20 CONCLUSIONS 21 Occupational and Geographic Mobility: a Willingness to Change 22 THE MOBILITY OF FISHERMEN 22 FACTORS INFLUENCING STATED ACCEPTANCE OF CHANGE IN BOTH OCCUPATION AND RESIDENCE 24 LATENT AND ACTUAL MOBILITY 27 Patterns of Migration 27 NATIONAL MIGRATION PATTERNS 27 OUT-MIGRATION FROM CAMARINES SUR AND

Getting Into Fishing Observations on the Social Identities of New England Fishermen

Abstract: Fishing as an occupation is typically regarded as a most traditional trade. The work culture associated with fishing is seen to be homogeneous and stable, membership being gained primarily through ...

The exploited squid and cuttlefish resources of India: A review

Abstract: Squids and cuttlefishes are one of the important marine fishery resources of india, ranking next only to Finfishes and crustaceans (shrimps and lobsters). Exploratory fishing conducted recently have revealed the existence of squid and cuttlefish resources in the continental shelf and oceanic areas. With the declaration of the exclusive economic zone there are vast stretches of fishing areas where fishing for squids and cuttlefishes could be carried out profitably. Recognizing the importance of these resources, the central marine fisheries research institute initiated investigations on the fisheries, resources characteristics and biological aspects of cephalopods at important fishing centers along the east and west coasts for a better management of the resources. The synoptic information presented in this paper is mainly based on the results obtained on the fishery and biological investigations conducted during 1976 to 1980.

Relationship of Fishing Mortality to Natural Mortality and Growth at the Level of Maximum Sustainable Yield

Abstract: Fishing mortality constraints are derived for fishes harvested at the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) determined by a delay-difference population model. Those constraints depend upon rates of natur...

The International Skipjack Year Program of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

Abstract: A four-year research program to obtain information for assessing the condition of the Atlantic skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, population and for developing plans for the rational exploitation of the resource was initiated by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) in 1979. The program has so far contributed to the development of a new fishery off Brazil, completed exploration of potential fishing areas in the Caribbean Sea and off Angola, sponsored tagging of 27,700 fish, and generated a considerable amount of fishery statistics and biological information. Analysis of the data and information is planned for 1982 and a scientific meeting is planned for 1983 to review the results and relate them to the needs of the ICCAT.

Dynamic Modeling of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery

Abstract: The impact of alternative management schemes on the shrimp fishery of the eastern Gulf of Mexico is analyzed and compared to a baseline using simulation techniques. The fishery's biological and economic functions are modeled including intraseasonal shrimp growth rates, differences in demand for shrimp by siue, and a heterogenous fishing fleet. Using consumer and producer surplus techniques, new fishing regulations appear socially optimal compared to the baseline. A rent-maximization scheme increases social surplus to its highest level. However, applying such a scheme to one part of the total Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not recommended.

Estimating Boat-Based Fishing Effort in a Marine Recreational Fishery

Abstract: Four methods of estimating the number of angler trips in a marine recreational fishery are compared: an aerial census, a roving census, a Petersen mark-recapture estimate, and an angler-maintained catch record combined with an angler-interview system. The first three methods produced comparable results but the fourth produced much higher estimates which we concluded were too high. For continuing programs, mark-recapture estimates seemed best for unbiased estimates that are relatively cost effective. For spot or individual studies, a roving census seemed best for unbiased estimates that are fairly precise and provide the maximum amount of information.

Economic Value of Lake Mead Fishery

Abstract: Water management in the Colorado River system has affected fish productivity adversely in Lake Mead. Knowledge of the economic value of the fishery would be useful in analyzing programs to improve the fishery. Management agencies currently are especially interested in the largemouth bass fishery. Value is defined in terms of consumers surplus. A fishing day is any portion of a day that an individual fished in Lake Mead. The mean value per fishing day is estimated as about $60 for general fishermen and $100 for largemouth bass club members. The total annual value of the fishery is estimated as $69 million, 15 percent of which is directly attributable to largemouth bass club members.

Notes on the Distribution of “Black Spot” Shell Disease in Crustacean Fisheries

Abstract: “Black Spot” a necrotic shell disease in crustacea, is a naturally occurring condition in crabs (Cancer pagurus) and is more common in older animals, where the moult frequency is reduced. The results of field observations in various commercial crab fisheries suggest that the incidence of “Black Spot” shell disease is higher in lightly fished populations (e.g. S. W. Ireland) than in established fisheries, where intensive exploitation results in the removal of larger (older) crabs from the stock. These observations are used to explain suggestions by other workers that the incidence of shell necrosis is high in areas used for dumping sewage sludge where fishing intensity is low.

The present status of small-scale traditional fishery at Vizhinjam

Abstract: Vizhinjam, situated at long. 76°59'15"e, lat. 8°22'30", and 16 km south of trivandrum, is an important Fish landing centre among the twenty-seven fish landing villages in the fishery zone extending from Kollangode in the south to valiaveli in the north, spanning a distance of about 50 km on the south-west Coast of india. Owing to its location which affords facilities for putting the boats out to the sea even in The monsoon season, as well as due to good marketing outlets at nearby places such as balaramapuram, Trivandrum and adjacent towns, fishing activity takes place in the vizhinjam area all through the year. With the completion of the vizhinjam fishing harbour which is underway, the fisheries importance of this area is bound to increase further. Vizhinjam is thus at the threshold of modernization and expansion of its fishing activities, particularly with reference to exploitation of the deepsea fishery resources. An account of the present status of the traditional fishery of the vizhinjam area Is therefore timely.

Fishing spinning reels

Abstract: A fishing spinning reel in which one of a bail arm lever and a pivot cam which is biased by a spring is held at its line-casting position by a first stopper arranged in the arm while it is held at its line-rewinding position by a second stopper also arranged in the arm. The second stopper is disengaged when a bail arm is rotated over a predetermined angle in the counter-clockwise direction against the biasing force of a spring so that the bail arm is automatically turned to its line-casting position.

The fish of Lake McIlwaine

Abstract: Because of its proximity to Salisbury, Lake McIlwaine is an important recreational centre (see G. F. T. Child and J. A. Thornton, this volume) and the surrounding land was proclaimed as a National Park soon after the lake was formed. Angling is a major attraction and a commercial fishery was established in 1956. Conflict between the two forms of fish utilisation has frequently arisen, but the commercial fishery was justified on the grounds that undesirable angling species such as Barbus, Labeo, and Clarias would be removed (Stewart, 1957). More recent information suggests that the conflict between angling and commercial fishing is not severe (Marshall, 1978a).