Forging

About: Forging is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 27329 publications have been published within this topic receiving 148197 citations.

Tensile properties of an AlCrCuNiFeCo high-entropy alloy in as-cast and wrought conditions

Abstract: Extensive multistep forging at 950 °C was applied to the cast AlCuCrFeNiCo high-entropy alloy to transform the cast coarse dendritic structure into a fine equiaxed duplex structure consisting of the mixture of BCC and FCC phases, with the average grain/particle size of ∼1.5 ± 0.9 μm. Tensile properties of the alloy in the as-cast and forged conditions were determined in the temperature range of 20–1000 °C. The hot forged alloy was stronger and more ductile during testing at room temperature, than the as-cast alloy. The yield stress (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and tensile ductility ( δ ) of the forged condition were 1040 MPa, 1170 MPa, and 1%, respectively, against 790 MPa, 790 MPa and 0.2% for the as-cast condition. In both conditions, the alloy showed brittle to ductile transition (BDT), with a noticeable increase in the tensile ductility within a narrow temperature range. In the as-cast condition, this transition occurred between 700 and 800 °C, while in the forged condition, it was observed between 600 and 700 °C. With an increase in the testing temperature above the BDT, a continuous decrease in tensile flow stress and an increase in tensile ductility were observed. In the temperature range of 800–1000 °C, the forged alloy showed superplastic behavior. The tensile elongation was above 400% and reached 860% at 1000 °C.

Friction Stir Processing: A New Grain Refinement Technique to Achieve High Strain Rate Superplasticity in Commercial Alloys

Abstract: Friction stir processing is a new thermo-mechanical processing technique that leads to a microstructure amenable for high strain rate superplasticity in commercial aluminum alloys. Friction stirring produces a combination of very fine grain size and high grain boundary misorientation angles. Preliminary results on a 7075 Al demonstrate high strain rate superplasticity in the temperature range of 430-510 °C. For example, an elongation of >1000 % was observed at 490 °C and 1 × 10 -2 s -1 . This demonstrates a new possibility to economically obtain a superplastic microstructure in commercial aluminum alloys. Based on these results, a three-step manufacturing process to fabricate complex shaped components can be envisaged: cast sheet or hot-pressed powder metallurgy sheet + friction stir processing + superplastic forging or forming.

Cold And Hot Forging: Fundamentals And Applications

Abstract: Among all manufacturing processes, forging technology has a special place because it can be used to produce parts of superior mechanical properties with minimum waste of material. Process selection and optimization are important because of the ever-increasing costs of material, energy, and labor. This reference book reviews the fundamentals of forging technology, the principal variables of the forging process and their interactions, and computer-aided techniques such as finite element analysis (FEA) for forging process and tooling design. Topics addressed include the flow behavior of the forged material under processing conditions; die geometry and die materials; friction and lubrication; the mechanics of deformation (strains and stresses); the characteristics of forging equipment; the geometry, tolerances, surface finish and mechanical properties of forgings; and the effects of the process on the environment. A major emphasis is on the latest developments in the design of forging operations and dies, and process modeling using FEA is discussed in all of the relevant chapters. Several chapters of the book have appendices that consist of computer animations showing the results of FEA simulations for various forging operations. The appendices are provided in Microsoft PowerPoint format on the CD-ROM that is included with the book.