Showing papers on "Formal relationships published in 2014"
TL;DR: Applying methods from research fields that study formal relationships between concepts such as domain-specific languages, knowledge representation, and software engineering to the Ostrom framework and a case study of recreational fishery finds that it provides clear criteria for structuring concepts into tiers, defining outcome metrics, and representing dynamics.
Abstract: Frameworks play an important role in analyzing social-ecological systems (SESs) because they provide shared concepts and variables that enable comparison between and accumulation of knowledge across multiple cases One prominent SES framework focusing on local resource use has been developed by Elinor Ostrom and her colleagues This framework is an extensive multi-tier collection of concepts and variables that have demonstrated relevance for explaining outcomes in a large number of case studies in the context of fishery, water, and forestry common-pool resources The further development of this framework has raised a number of issues related to the formal relationships between the large number of concepts and variables involved In particular, issues related to criteria for ordering the concepts into tiers, adding new concepts, defining outcomes metrics, and representing dynamics in the framework have been identified We address these issues by applying methods from research fields that study formal relationships between concepts such as domain-specific languages, knowledge representation, and software engineering We find that SES frameworks could include the following seven formal components: variables, concepts, attribution relationships, subsumption relationships, process relationships, aggregation relationships, and evaluation metrics Applying these components to the Ostrom framework and a case study of recreational fishery, we find that they provide clear criteria for structuring concepts into tiers, defining outcome metrics, and representing dynamics The components identified are generic, and the insights gained from this exercise may also be beneficial for the development of other SES frameworks
102 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed data from a complete network of 51 high-technology firms located in a science and technology park to report the structural properties and relational dimensions of inter-firm flow of HRM knowledge.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a list of important mathematical relationships that govern populations in which individuals differ from each other in unobserved ways, and for some relationships they present proofs that, albeit formal, tend to be simple and intuitive.
Abstract: Background: Survival models accounting for unobserved heterogeneity (frailty models) play an important role in mortality research, yet there is no article that concisely summarizes useful relationships. Objective: We present a list of important mathematical relationships that govern populations in which individuals differ from each other in unobserved ways. For some relationships we present proofs that, albeit formal, tend to be simple and intuitive. Methods: We organize the article in a progression, starting with general relationships and then turning to models with stronger and stronger assumptions. Results: We start with the general case, in which we do not assume any structure of the underlying baseline hazard, the frailty distribution, or their link to one another. Then we sequentially assume, first, a relative-risk model; second, a gamma distribution for frailty; and, finally, a Gompertz and Gompertz-Makeham specification for baseline mortality. Comments: The article might serve as a handy overall reference to frailty models, especially for mortality research.
49 citations