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Showing papers on "Four-force published in 2016"


01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The relativity the special and general theory is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the authors' digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading relativity the special and general theory. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this relativity the special and general theory, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious bugs inside their desktop computer. relativity the special and general theory is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the relativity the special and general theory is universally compatible with any devices to read.

151 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple modification of the longitudinal mode in General Relativity is proposed, which incorporates the idea of limiting curvature, so that the singularities in contracting Friedmann and Kasner universes are avoided and instead, the universe has a regular bounce which takes place during the time inversely proportional to the square root of the limiting curvatures.
Abstract: We find a simple modification of the longitudinal mode in General Relativity which incorporates the idea of limiting curvature. In this case the singularities in contracting Friedmann and Kasner universes are avoided, and instead, the universe has a regular bounce which takes place during the time inversely proportional to the square root of the limiting curvature. Away from the bounce, corrections to General Relativity are negligible. In addition the non-singluar modification of General Relativity delivers for free a realistic candidate for Dark Matter.

77 citations


Book
11 Feb 2016
TL;DR: The history of attempts to algebraically extend General Relativity is reviewed in this paper, where the philosophy of the pseudo-complex extension is introduced and the basic assumptions, including for example a generalized variational principle and how to map to real observables.
Abstract: The history of of attempts to algebraically extend General Relativity is reviewed. The philosophy of the pseudo-complex extension is introduced and the basic assumptions, including for example a generalized variational principle and how to map to real observables. The appearance of a minimal length and the advantages of the pseudo-complex theory are discussed.

71 citations


01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The problem book in relativity and gravitation is available in our book collection and an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly as mentioned in this paper, however, the book servers hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading problem book in relativity and gravitation. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen readings like this problem book in relativity and gravitation, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their computer. problem book in relativity and gravitation is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the problem book in relativity and gravitation is universally compatible with any devices to read.

63 citations


01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The mass and motion in general relativity is universally compatible with any devices to read as mentioned in this paper and it is available in our book collection and an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading mass and motion in general relativity. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen readings like this mass and motion in general relativity, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious virus inside their laptop. mass and motion in general relativity is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the mass and motion in general relativity is universally compatible with any devices to read.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2016-Synthese
TL;DR: In this paper, a geometrical interpretation of Yang-Mills theory is presented, and the analogies and disanalogies between Yang-mills theory and general relativity are considered.
Abstract: I articulate and discuss a geometrical interpretation of Yang–Mills theory. Analogies and disanalogies between Yang–Mills theory and general relativity are also considered.

35 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss what they take to be three possible misconceptions in the foundations of general relativity, relating to: (a) the interpretation of the weak equivalence principle and the relationship between gravity and inertia; (b) the connection between gravitational redshift results and spacetime curvature; and (c) the ability to transform away gravity in local inertial coordinate systems.
Abstract: We discuss what we take to be three possible misconceptions in the foundations of general relativity, relating to: (a) the interpretation of the weak equivalence principle and the relationship between gravity and inertia; (b) the connection between gravitational redshift results and spacetime curvature; and (c) the Einstein equivalence principle and the ability to “transform away” gravity in local inertial coordinate systems.

31 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Carmona, Cortes, and Mercati extended the study of special relativity parametrized by a high-energy scale to second order, and obtained the coefficients of modified composition laws and Lorentz transformations at second order.
Abstract: The study of generic, nonlinear, deformations of special relativity parametrized by a high-energy scale $M$, which was carried out at first order in $1/M$ in J. M. Carmona, J. L. Cort\'es, and F. Mercati, Phys. Rev. D 86, 084032 (2012), is extended to second order. This can be done systematically through a (``generalized'') change of variables from momentum variables that transform linearly. We discuss the different perspectives on the meaning of the change of variables, obtain the coefficients of modified composition laws and Lorentz transformations at second order, and work out how $\ensuremath{\kappa}$-Poincar\'e, the most commonly used example in the literature, is reproduced as a particular case of the generic framework exposed here.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors verify the consistency of the Godel-type solutions within the four-dimensional Chern-Simons modified gravity with the non-dynamical ChernSimons coefficient, for different forms of matter including dust, fluid, scalar field and electromagnetic field.
Abstract: We verify the consistency of the Godel-type solutions within the four-dimensional Chern-Simons modified gravity with the non-dynamical Chern-Simons coefficient, for different forms of matter including dust, fluid, scalar field and electromagnetic field, and the related causality issues. Unlike the general relativity, the vacuum solution turns out to be possible in our theory. Another essentially new result of our theory having no analogue in the general relativity consists in the existence of the hyperbolic causal solutions for the physically well-motivated matter.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an effective theory is obtained by averaging observables over the rapid field oscillations, which preserves Ward identities and restores translation invariance below the high-frequency scale, but only partial Lorentz invariance.
Abstract: We consider violation of Lorentz invariance in QED induced by a very high frequency background wave. An effective theory is obtained by averaging observables over the rapid field oscillations. This preserves Ward identities and restores translation invariance below the high-frequency scale, but only partial Lorentz invariance: we show that the effective theory is C-invariant SIM(2)-QED in very special relativity. Averaging leads to the nonlocal terms familiar from SIM(2) theories, while the short-distance behavior of the background field fermion propagator generates the infinite number of higher-order vertices of SIM(2)-QED.

13 citations



Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a model for an horizonless and singularity-free fuzzball with the same asymptotic charges of the associated black hole is presented, and a negative conclusion is reached within an axial-symmetric ansatz inside the IWP family.
Abstract: Recently some 4d asymptotically $AdS_2 \times S^2$ regular bubbling solutions written in terms of an arbitrary profile function has appeared in literature. We discuss the possibility of extending these solutions to asymptotically flat spaces, therefore building a model for an horizonless and singularity-free fuzzball with the same asymptotic charges of the associated black hole, directly in general relativity. A negative conclusion is reached within an axial-symmetric ansatz inside the IWP family.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that all spatially covariant generalizations of the scalar constraint which extend the standard one while remaining quadratic in the momenta are second class.
Abstract: We give the most general conditions to date which lead to uniqueness of the general relativistic Hamiltonian. Namely, we show that all spatially covariant generalizations of the scalar constraint which extend the standard one while remaining quadratic in the momenta are second class. Unlike previous investigations along these lines, we do not require a specific Poisson bracket algebra, and the quadratic dependence on the momenta is completely general, with an arbitrary local operator as the kinetic term.

01 Jan 2016
Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading lecture notes on symmetries and curvature structure in general relativity. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their chosen novels like this lecture notes on symmetries and curvature structure in general relativity, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their desktop computer.

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The axiomatization of the theory of relativity is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you for downloading axiomatization of the theory of relativity. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their favorite readings like this axiomatization of the theory of relativity, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their computer. axiomatization of the theory of relativity is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the axiomatization of the theory of relativity is universally compatible with any devices to read.

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The special relativity from einstein to strings is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you for downloading special relativity from einstein to strings. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this special relativity from einstein to strings, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer. special relativity from einstein to strings is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library spans in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the special relativity from einstein to strings is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Advanced Relativity (AR) as discussed by the authors is the model which fully integrates matter and consciousness by applying Hilbert spaces, where space is measured by roads and time is measured with clocks and is characterized by a variable energy density which gives origin to energy, mass and gravity from the micro to the macro scale.
Abstract: Advanced Relativity (AR) is the model which fully integrates matter and consciousness by applying Hilbert spaces. Advancer Relativity reviews the key concepts of Einstein’s Relativity, namely, space and time. In AR, space is what we measure with roads and time is what we measure with clocks. Space is not empty and deprived of physical properties; it is characterized by a variable energy density which gives origin to energy, mass and gravity from the micro to the macro scale. Time is merely numerical order of material changes, i.e. motion running in space. AR describes all phenomena of special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR) and opens new perspectives in cosmology and astronomy, namely, no signal can move in time as time is merely numerical order of a given signal moving in space.


Book ChapterDOI
19 Apr 2016


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of consistency with causality and quantum mechanics in determining the properties of gravitation was examined, and two different classes of interacting theories of massless spin 2 particles were constructed.
Abstract: We examine the role of consistency with causality and quantum mechanics in determining the properties of gravitation. We begin by constructing two different classes of interacting theories of massless spin 2 particles -- gravitons. One involves coupling the graviton with the lowest number of derivatives to matter, the other involves coupling the graviton with higher derivatives to matter, making use of the linearized Riemann tensor. The first class requires an infinite tower of terms for consistency, which is known to lead uniquely to general relativity. The second class only requires a finite number of terms for consistency, which appears as a new class of theories of massless spin 2. We recap the causal consistency of general relativity and show how this fails in the second class for the special case of coupling to photons, exploiting related calculations in the literature. In an upcoming publication [1] this result is generalized to a much broader set of theories. Then, as a causal modification of general relativity, we add light scalar particles and recap the generic violation of universal free-fall they introduce and its quantum resolution. This leads to a discussion of a special type of scalar-tensor theory; the $F(\mathcal{R})$ models. We show that, unlike general relativity, these models do not possess the requisite counterterms to be consistent quantum effective field theories. Together this helps to remove some of the central assumptions made in deriving general relativity.

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review of the theoretical framework, major predictions, experimental evidences of general relativity and its implications to other branches of science is presented, and the review concludes that the Newtonian law of gravity is built upon the Keplers laws and has stood hundreds of years' test by scientific research and engineering practice.
Abstract: This article gives a systematic review of the theoretical framework, major predictions, experimental evidences of general relativity and its implications to other branches of science. It has been pointed out that, other than the (0,0) component of Einstein’s tensor field equation which reduces to the Newtonian law of gravitation under linear approximation, all other components either lead to divergence, or are in conflict with the fundamental postulation of relativity that no speed should exceed the speed of light, or defies physical interpretation. The review gives a detailed analysis of the three classical evidences of general relativity and has shown that none of these experimental evidences can stand scrutiny. The article also analyzed the two recent experiments (BICEP2 and LIGO) that claimed to have found experimental evidences of gravitational wave and black hole, and demonstrated their fallacies. It has been pointed out that the principle of relativity demands that any viable theory must have translational as well as rotational relativity, which requires general relativity to have a rotational transformation that can transform the Schwarzschild metric into the Kerr metric and vice versa. Calculations show that a general rotational transformation is in conflict with one of the fundamental postulations of relativity—no speed should exceed the speed of light, i.e., general relativity violates the principle of relativity. The article also gives a thorough analysis of one of the most important concept of general relativity—gravity comes from the curvature of space time, and gravity warps the space time. It has been pointed out that the curving of a geodesic is merely the bending of the trajectory of an object moving in gravitational field, which is not the curving of the space time itself. Moreover, the field equation describes the shape of equipotential, the curving of which is not the curving of space time either. The measure of curvature of space time is the Riemann curvature scalar R. Calculations show that the Riemann curvature and Ricii tensor of both the Schwarzschild metric and the Kerr metric—the only two known analytical solutions to Einstein’s field equation, vanish, which means that the space time is flat. The concept that gravity comes from the curvature of space time and gravity warps the space time is invalid. The review concludes that the Newtonian law of gravity is built upon the Keplers laws that represent enormous results of observational astronomy and has stood hundreds of years’ test by scientific research and engineering practice. It is still been checked every day by science and engineering, and has never failed the test. On the other hand, Einstein’s general relativity has a multitude of unsolvable inconsistencies in its fundamental postulations, theoretical framework, experimental tests, and it is completely powerless in practical applications. It is therefore incorrect to say that the Newtonian law of gravitation is only

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The geometry of spacetime as mentioned in this paper is an introduction to special and general relativity, but it is not suitable for reading in a classroom environment, as it is unsuitable for children's reading.
Abstract: Thank you very much for reading geometry of spacetime an introduction to special and general relativity. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their chosen readings like this geometry of spacetime an introduction to special and general relativity, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their computer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental theorem of the theory of relativity is presented and proved in (3+1)-space-time, based on the full classification of special transformations and the corresponding velocity addition laws.
Abstract: A new formulation of what may be called the "fundamental theorem of the theory of relativity" is presented and proved in (3+1)-space-time, based on the full classification of special transformations and the corresponding velocity addition laws. A system of axioms is introduced and discussed leading to the result, and a study is made of several variants of that system. In particular the status of the group axiom is investigated with respect to the condition of the two-way isotropy of light. Several issues which are ignored or misunderstood in the literature are emphasized.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in a flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe model with dust and Lorentz Invariant Vacuum Energy (LIVE), the density parameter of vacuum energy must have the value of 0.737$
Abstract: We show that Einstein’s general theory of relativity, together with the assumption that the principle of relativity encompasses rotational motion, predicts that in a flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe model with dust and Lorentz Invariant Vacuum Energy (LIVE), the density parameter of vacuum energy must have the value $ \Omega_{\Lambda 0}=0.737$ . The physical mechanism connecting the relativity of rotational motion with the energy density of dark energy is the inertial dragging effect. The predicted value is necessary in order to have perfect inertial dragging, which is required for rotational motion to be relative. If one accepts that due to the impossibility of defining motion for a single particle in an otherwise empty universe, the universe must be constructed so that all types of motion are relative, then this solves the so-called cosmological constant problem.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, anisotropic special relativity kinematics is developed based on the first principles: (1) Space-time transformations between inertial frames leave the equation of propagation invariant and (2) a set of the transformations possesses a group structure.
Abstract: The modern view, that there exists a preferred frame of reference related to the cosmic microwave background (CMB), is in apparent contradiction with the principles of special relativity The purpose of the present study is to develop a counterpart of the special relativity theory that is consistent with the existence of a preferred frame but, like the standard relativity theory, is based on the relativity principle and universality of the (\textit{two-way}) speed of light In the framework developed, a degree of anisotropy of the one-way velocity acquires meaning of a characteristic of the really existing anisotropy caused by motion of an inertial frame relative to the preferred frame The anisotropic special relativity kinematics is developed based on the first principles: (1) Space-time transformations between inertial frames leave the equation of anisotropic light propagation invariant and (2) A set of the transformations possesses a group structure The Lie group theory apparatus is applied to define groups of space-time transformations between inertial frames Applying the consequences of the transformations to the problem of calculating the CMB temperature distribution yields an equation in which the angular dependence coincides with that obtained on the basis of the standard relativity theory but the mean temperature is corrected by the terms second order in the observer velocity From conceptual point of view, it eliminates the inconsistency of the usual approach when formulas of the standard special relativity are applied to define effects caused by motion with respect to the preferred frame

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The de Sitter invariant special relativity as discussed by the authors is a natural extension of the usual Einstein special relativity that predicts the departure from the Lorentz invariance due to spacetime curvature, related to the geometrical cosmological constant.
Abstract: The de Sitter invariant special relativity is a natural extension of the usual Einstein special relativity. Within this framework a generalization of special relativity (SR) for the de Sitter space-time introduces a new length scale $R$, serving an origin of geometrical cosmological constant $\Lambda=3/R^2$. De Sitter relativity predicts the departure from the Lorentz invariance due to spacetime curvature, related to the geometrical cosmological constant. In this paper the possible impact of de Sitter special relativity effects on threshold particle processes and equivalence principle violation is considered. The main conclusion is that constraints, coming from cosmological fine structure constant variations render this effects nowadays undetectable. A brief outlook is given thereafter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The equivalence principle is the conceptual basis for general relativity as mentioned in this paper, where the local thermodynamic properties of the system are determined by the non-local structure of the quantum fields which determine the vacuum of a given spacetime.
Abstract: The equivalence principle is the conceptual basis for general relativity. In contrast Mach's principle, although said to have been influential on Einstein in his formulation of general relativity, has not been shown to be central to the structure of general relativity. In this essay we suggest that the quantum effects of Hawking and Unruh radiation are a manifestation of a {\it thermal} Mach's principle, where the local thermodynamic properties of the system are determined by the non-local structure of the quantum fields which determine the vacuum of a given spacetime. By comparing Hawking and Unruh temperatures for the same local acceleration we find a violation of the Einstein elevator version of the equivalence principle, which vanishes in the limit that the horizon is approached.

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a book collection of geometry relativity and the fourth dimension, which is universally compatible with any devices to read and save in multiple locations, allowing to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one.
Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading geometry relativity and the fourth dimension. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look numerous times for their favorite books like this geometry relativity and the fourth dimension, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their desktop computer. geometry relativity and the fourth dimension is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the geometry relativity and the fourth dimension is universally compatible with any devices to read.