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Four-force
About: Four-force is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3459 publications have been published within this topic receiving 87308 citations.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors defend the traditional view that special relativity is preferable to those parts of Lorentz's classical ether theory it replaced because it revealed various phenomena that were given a dynamical explanation to be purely kinematical.
Abstract: In his book, Physical Relativity, Harvey Brown challenges the orthodox view that special relativity is preferable to those parts of Lorentz’s classical ether theory it replaced because it revealed various phenomena that were given a dynamical explanation in Lorentz’s theory to be purely kinematical. I want to defend this orthodoxy. The phenomena most commonly discussed in this context in the philosophical literature are length contraction and time dilation. I consider three other phenomena of this kind that played a role in the early reception of special relativity in the physics literature: the Fresnel drag eect in the Fizeau experiment, the velocity dependence of electron mass in -ray deflection experiments by Kaufmann and others, and the delicately balanced torques on a moving charged capacitor in the Trouton-Noble experiment. I oer historical sketches of how Lorentz’s dynamical explanations of
113 citations
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01 Jan 1999TL;DR: In the early 20th century, Minkowski, Mathematicians and the Mathematical Theory of Relativity (MTL) were involved in the search for Gravitational Absorption in the early Twentieth Century.
Abstract: I Relativity in the Making- The Search for Gravitational Absorption in the Early Twentieth Century- Minkowski, Mathematicians, and the Mathematical Theory of Relativity- Heuristics and Mathematical Representation in Einstein's Search for a Gravitational Field Equation- Rotation as the Nemesis of Einstein's Entwurf Theory- II Relativity at Work- Einstein, Relativity and Gravitation Research in Vienna before 1938- Controversies in the History of the Radiation Reaction Problem in General Relativity- The Penrose-Hawking Singularity Theorems: History and Implications- III Relativity at Large- The Cosmological Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Theory- Genesis and Evolution of Weyl's Reflections on De Sitter's Universe- Milne, Bondi and the 'Second Way' to Cosmology- Steady-State Cosmology and General Relativity: Reconciliation or Conflict?- IV Relativity in Debate- Larmor versus General Relativity- Kretschmann's Analysis of Covariance and Relativity Principles- Point Coincidences and Pointer Coincidences: Einstein on the Invariant Content of Space-Time Theories- Contributors
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple theorem whose physical interpretation is that an isolated, gravitating body in general relativity moves approximately along a geodesic is obtained, and the theorem is proved.
Abstract: A simple theorem, whose physical interpretation is that an isolated, gravitating body in general relativity moves approximately along a geodesic, is obtained.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that general relativity is invariant with respect to Weyl transformations in an arbitrary Weyl frame, and that WIST gravity theories are mathematically equivalent to Brans-Dicke theory when viewed in a particular Weyl framework.
Abstract: We show that the general theory of relativity can be formulated in the language of Weyl geometry. We develop the concept of Weyl frames and point out that the new mathematical formalism may lead to different pictures of the same gravitational phenomena. We show that in an arbitrary Weyl frame general relativity, which takes the form of a scalar–tensor gravitational theory, is invariant with respect to Weyl transformations. A key point in the development of the formalism is to build an action that is manifestly invariant with respect to Weyl transformations. When this action is expressed in terms of Riemannian geometry we find that the theory has some similarities with Brans–Dicke gravitational theory. In this scenario, the gravitational field is not described by the metric tensor only, but by a combination of both the metric and a geometrical scalar field. We illustrate this point by examining how distinct geometrical and physical pictures of the same phenomena may arise in different frames. To give an example, we discuss the gravitational spectral shift as viewed in a general Weyl frame. We further explore the analogy of general relativity with scalar–tensor theories and show how a known Brans–Dicke vacuum solution may appear as a solution of general relativity theory when reinterpreted in a particular Weyl frame. Finally, we show that the so-called WIST gravity theories are mathematically equivalent to Brans–Dicke theory when viewed in a particular frame.
108 citations