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Four-force
About: Four-force is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3459 publications have been published within this topic receiving 87308 citations.
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91 citations
TL;DR: The experimental evidence for general relativity is reviewed in this article, where the equivalence principle and strong-field general relativity are discussed. But the equivalences are not considered in this paper.
Abstract: We review the experimental evidence for Einstein’s general relativity. Tests of the Einstein equivalence principle support the postulates of curved space-time and bound variations of fundamental constants in space and time, while solar system experiments strongly confirm weak-field general relativity. The binary pulsar provides tests of gravitational wave damping and of strong-field general relativity. Future experiments, such as the gravity probe B gyroscope experiment, a satellite test of the equivalence principle, and tests of gravity at short distance to look for extra spatial dimensions could further constrain alternatives to general relativity. Laser Interferometric Gravitational Wave Observatories on Earth and in space may provide new tests of scalar-tensor gravity and graviton-mass theories via the properties of gravitational waves.
91 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the canonical expressions, as well as the expressions proposed by Landau and Lifshitz and the expressions for the angular momentum density, are all special cases of an infinity of conservation laws whose pseudovectors generate arbitrary curvilinear coordinate transformations.
Abstract: The components of the so-called canonical energy-stress pseudotensor in general relativity may be thought of as the generators of infinitesimal coordinate transformations corresponding to a rigid parallel displacement of the coordinate origin, just as in Lorentz-covariant theories. In this paper it is shown that the canonical expressions, as well as the expressions proposed by Landau and Lifshitz and the expressions for the angular momentum density, are all special cases of an infinity of conservation laws whose pseudovectors generate arbitrary curvilinear coordinate transformations. This approach enables us to construct the transform of every one of these conservation laws under an arbitrary (finite) coordinate transformation. Finally it is shown that every one of these conservation laws may be used to obtain a surface integral relationship that describes the motion of singularities in a general-relativistic theory. It is concluded that there is an infinite number of parameters that describes a singularity of the field, a fact that had previously been in doubt.
90 citations