Showing papers on "Four-stroke engine published in 2014"

Diesel engine performance and emission analysis using canola oil methyl ester with the nano sized zinc oxide particles

Abstract: In this study, the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke, stationary, air-cooled and direct injection compression ignition engine have been investigated at the constant engine speed 1500 rpm under the full load when it is fueled with various blends such as 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester, 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester + 50ppm zinc oxide and 80% diesel + 20% canola oil methyl ester + 100ppm zinc oxide. And also the properties such as pour point, cloud point, flash point, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, sulphated ash and calorific value of above blends are determined and compared with American biodiesel standards (ASTM D7467). It is found that the addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles which accelerates early ignition of combustion shortens ignition delay and enhances NOx emissions.

Opposed piston internal combustion engine with inviscid layer sealing

Abstract: An opposed-piston engine that forms an inviscid layer between pistons and the respective cylinder walls. In an aspect, the opposed-piston engine utilizes a Scotch yoke assembly that includes rigidly connected opposed combustion pistons. In an aspect, the Scotch yoke assembly is configured to transfer power from the combustion pistons to a crankshaft assembly. In an aspect, the crankshaft assembly can be configured to have dual flywheels that are internal to the engine, and can be configured to assist with an exhaust system, a detonation system, and/or a lubrication system.

The multilevel four-stroke swap engine and its environment

Abstract: A multilevel four-stroke engine where the thermalization strokes are generated by unitary collisions with thermal bath particles is analyzed. Our model is solvable even when the engine operates far from thermal equilibrium and in the strong system–bath coupling. Necessary operation conditions for the heat machine to perform as an engine or a refrigerator are derived. We relate the work and efficiency of the device to local and non-local statistical properties of the baths (purity, index of coincidence, etc) and put upper bounds on these quantities. Finally, in the ultra-hot regime, we analytically optimize the work and find a striking similarity to results obtained for efficiency at maximal power of classical engines. The complete swap limit of our results holds for any fourstroke quantum Otto engine that is coupled to the baths for periods that are significantly longer than the thermal relaxation time.

Active Motion Control of a Hydraulic Free Piston Engine

Abstract: The free piston engine (FPE), as an alternative of the conventional internal combustion engine, could significantly impact the energy consumption and emissions of both on-highway and off-highway vehicles. In an FPE, the piston motion is dependent on the combustion chamber gas dynamics and the loading dynamics in real time. One of the technical barriers that prevents the wide spread of this technology is the lack of precise piston motion control. In this paper, we present the modeling and control of a hydraulic FPE with an opposed-piston opposed-cylinder design. Specifically, a comprehensive system model is first built and validated to study the dynamics of the engine operation. The simulation studies lead to the design of an active piston motion controller, which acts as a virtual crankshaft by utilizing energy in the storage element to regulate the piston to follow a predefined trajectory. With a designated optimal trajectory, the virtual crankshaft ensures stable and robust operation in engine motoring. Preliminary combustion testing results and analysis are also included in this paper.

Free piston engine generator: Technology review and an experimental evaluation with hydrogen fuel

Abstract: Free piston engine generators which utilize a free piston engine and a linear generator are under investigation by a number of research groups around the world. Free piston engines give power output in a more efficient way when compared to conventional crankshaft engines, because the former do not have a crank mechanism which brings about additional mechanical loss. However, for the reliable and stable operation of the free piston engine generators, it is required to have a viable control system to address the uncertainty of piston motion. In this paper, most of the successful free piston engine generator developments were reviewed and a recent experimental result on a prototype free piston system was also presented with regard to engine performance with different mixture preparation strategies.

Effect of magnetic field on performance and emission of single cylinder four stroke diesel engine

Abstract: To analyse experimental investigates on the Performance and Emission of Single Cylinder Four Stroke Diesel engine under the power of producingan effect of magnetic field. The magnetic field applied along the fuel line immediately before fuel injector. It has been reported that magnetic field helps to improved mixture formation by increasing the atomization process of the spray in the combustion chamber due to increasing the rate of disintegration of the droplets as a result of reduction in the surface tension and viscosity of the fuel(1). The effect of magnetic field on the engine performance parameters such as specific fuel consumption, break thermal efficiency, exhausts emissions etc. by applying the magnetic field along the fuel line immediately before fuel injector. The strong permanent magnet of strength 2000 gauss is applied to fuel line for magnetic field. At different engine load conditions the experiments are conducted. An exhaust gas analyzer is used to measure the exhaust gas emissions such as CO, CO2, HC and NOX. With the application of magnetic field the percentage reduction in fuel consumption is about 8% at higher load, the percentage reduction in HC and NOX is about 30% and 27.7 % respectively. The CO emission gets reduced with the application of magnetic field at higher load. The percentage reduction in CO2 emissions is reduced about 9.72% at average of all loads with the effect of magnetic field.

Internal combustion engine including starting system powered by lithium-ion battery

Abstract: An internal combustion engine includes an engine block including a cylinder, a piston positioned within the cylinder, a crankshaft configured to be driven by the piston, a fuel system for supplying an air-fuel mixture to the cylinder, a starter motor, and a lithium-ion battery mounted on the engine, the lithium-ion battery configured to power the starter motor to start the engine, wherein the piston is configured to reciprocate in the cylinder along a cylinder axis, wherein the lithium-ion battery includes at least one lithium-ion cell having a longitudinal cell axis, and wherein the cylinder axis and the longitudinal cell axis are not parallel to one another.

Determination of the Yield of Internal Combustion Thermal Engines

Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for setting the dynamic parameters of the classic main mechanism of the internal combustion engines. It shows the distribution of the forces (on the main mechanism of the engine) to the internal combustion heat engines. With these strengths, and together with velocities of kinematic couplings is established then the heat engine efficiency. The method is applied separately for two distinct situations: when the engine is working on a compressor and into the motor system. For the two separate cases, two independent formulas are obtained for the engine yield. With these relationships are then calculated about mechanical efficiency of Otto heat engine, four stroke, two-stroke and 4-stroke V. Final yield of the engine is obtained considering and thermal efficiency given by Carnot cycle

Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operated on a dual-fuel mode using Honge oil methyl ester and producer gas derived from biomass feedstock of different origin

Abstract: Renewable and alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared with fossil fuels, as they are renewable and biodegradable, and provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues. In this context, present work was carried out to investigate the feasibility of alternative and renewable fuels derived from biomass feedstock of different origin for engine applications. The present study was also extended to study the effect of producer gas composition derived from different biomass feedstock on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection stationary diesel engine operated on a dual-fuel mode using Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and producer gas induction. The performance of the engine was evaluated with a constant injection timing of 27° before top dead centre, an injection pressure of 205 bar for the diesel–producer gas combination and 230 bar for the HOME–producer g...

Impacts of Low Load Operation of Modern Four-Stroke Diesel Engines in Generator Configuration

Abstract: Diesel engines in generator configuration are normally optimized for operations at medium to high engine loads. It is suspected that operations at low loads may increase operational problems and thus the damage frequency. It is also suspected that negative effects off low load operations are aggravated by recent exhaust emission regulations issued by IMO. This thesis describes an investigation of the impacts of low load operations on modern four-stroke diesel engines in generator configuration. The problem has been approached by reviewing existing literature, studying damage cases, analysis of existing finding data and by assessing engine manufacturers’ experiences with low load operations. Low load operations of diesel engines are defined as engine operations below 40% of maximum continuous rating. Low load operations are typical for, but not limited to, offshore vessels with dynamic positioning systems. Low load operations of diesel engines cause lower cylinder pressure and thus lower temperature. Low temperature can lead to ignition problems and poor combustion which causes increased soot formation and aggregation of unburned fuel in the cylinder. Low cylinder pressure, soot and unburned fuel deteriorate the piston ring sealing efficiency allowing hot combustion gases, soot particles and unburned fuel to leak past the piston rings. This results in increased lubricating oil consumption and dilution. Fuel dilution of the lubricating oil reduces the viscosity which can collapse critical oil film thicknesses. This can cause premature wear of pistons, rings, liners and crank case bearings. The mechanisms of low load lead to a cycle of degradation which means that diesel engines that run at low loads for longer periods of time can become irreversibly damaged. This is illustrated in this paper by an engine damage case. The damage case presents an engine crankcase breakage initially caused by piston scuffing from lubrication oil breakdown after excessive low load operations. Most modern diesel engines operate at lower cylinder pressure and thus lower temperatures to comply with stringent IMO NOX emission requirements. The IMO Tier I and II standards are met by primary measures which aim at reducing the amount of NOX formed during combustion by optimizing certain engine parameters. Modern NOX optimized engines are more exposed to low load operations than their predecessors due to initially lower cylinder pressures and temperatures. However, recent developments such as common rail, variable injection timing and variable valve control permit engine operations at lower loads than earlier. Existing finding data from DNV GL’s database have been analysed to determine whether one can substantiate the impacts of low load operations quantitatively. The finding data have been analysed by simple frequency measurements. The results show higher finding frequencies for DP-vessels than non-DP vessels, which could indicate that low load operations may have a negative impact on the operational problems and thus the damage frequency. The finding data have also been evaluated with respect to time to determine whether NOX optimization aggravates the negative impacts of low load operations. The result showed generally higher finding frequencies for engines installed after 2000 than the ones installed prior to 2000. This could indicate that the introduction of Tier I compliant engines have increased operational problems. However, it could not be determined whether NOX optimized engines have aggravated the negative impacts of low load operations. Engine manufacturers that have been interviewed agree that low load operations affect the engine operation negatively, but they do not want confirm that low load operation increases the engine damage frequency. It is consensus among the engine manufacturers that the engines must be loaded to at least 50% of rated power regularly during low load operations to prevent operational problems. The time interval and load requirements can vary from one engine to another and depending on the engine design.

An Application of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Engine Torque in a Biodiesel Engine

Abstract: In this application study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the torque of a diesel engine. Using ANN performance of a diesel engine using biodiesel produced from canola and soybean oils through transesterification. To acquire data for training and testing of the proposed ANN. A four cylinder and four stroke test engine was fuelled with biodiesel and eurodiesel mixtured fuels with various percentages of biodiesel % amounts to half the CB with SB and operated at different loads engine speeds, coolant temperatures, biofuel mixtures and exhaust temperature. Levenberg Marquards algorithms for the engine was developed using some of the experimental data for training. As a nonlinear system has been accepted. The performance of the ANN was validated by comparing the prediction dataset with the experimental results. It was observed that the ANN model can predict the engine performance quite well with correlation coefficient R 0.98 for the engine torque respectively. The prediction MSE (Mean Square Error) error was between the desired outputs as measured values and the simulated values were obtained as 0.0002 by the model.

The Use of Mustard Cake Pyrolytic Oil Blends as Fuel in a Diesel Engine

Abstract: The performance, emission and combustion characteristic of bio-oil and its blends with diesel obtained from the pyrolysis of mustard de-oiled cake have been presented in this paper along with its fuel properties. A single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled IC engine with 4.4 KW brake power was run on diesel, mustard cake pyrolytic oil (MCPO) and its blends at a constant speed of 1,500 rpm under variable load conditions. Engine performance (brake specific energy consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature), emissions (CO, HC, CO2 and NOx) and combustion (cylinder peak pressure, heat release rate, combustion pressure and ignition delay) were measured to evaluate and compute the behavior of the diesel engine running on blends of MCPO. There was a significant increase in brake thermal efficiency with slight increase in specific energy consumption when compared to diesel operation. Exhaust emissions including CO, NOx were lower while un-burnt hydrocarbon and CO2 emissions were slightly higher, making blends of MCPO (B30) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel.

Performance and Emission Test of Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine

Abstract: Fossil fuels are non- renewable source of energy. It is difficult to predict its availability in future. It casts a shadow of uncertainty of its supply, the immediate effect of its scarcity is rising price and its adverse impact on the growing economies like India. India imports 80% of total demand of the Petroleum products. Therefore, sourcing a sustainable energy and environment friendly alternative is needed to be developed instead of using fossil fuels. Recently waste plastics are receiving renewed interest as an alternative to fossil fuel. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern life and its application in the industrial field is continuously increasing. Conversion of waste plastic to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engine. In this paper waste plastic oil and its blends with Diesel and Ethanol is introduced as alternative fuel. I have conducted an experimental research on this alternative fuel on various operational parameters i.e. Engine Performance and emission test with blends like D100, B20, B40, B60.

Original Research Article Experimental investigation on direct injection diesel engine fuelled with graphene, silver and multiwalled carbon nanotubes-biodiesel blended fuels

Abstract: In the present energy scenario of increased energy demand and rapid depletion of high energy nonrenewable energy resources like petroleum products the search for new renewable and alternative fuels has gained momentum. Increased pollution due to the excess use of such petroleum and diesel fuels for varied energy requirements is another important issue to be addressed. Due to their low emission characteristics and equivalent energy density biodiesel are becoming more useful in replacement for petroleum fuels. In the present work biodiesel derived from honge oil called Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) was used as an alternative fuel as it was locally and abundantly available. Different metal and metal oxide nano-particles were then added to HOME to prepare novel hybrid fuel blends. Biodiesel-nanoparticles blends were prepared with the aid of an ultra-sonicator and the nanoparticles used were varied in the mass fraction of 25ppm and 50 ppm. Experimental investigations were carried out on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel-nanoparticle blends to determine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The result showed considerable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency with reduced harmful exhaust emission from engine with addition of nano-particles to HOME.

Method for the production of a piston for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: A method for the production of a piston made of steel, for an internal combustion engine, in which the upper piston part is produced using the forging method, and the lower piston part is produced using the forging or casting method, and they are subsequently welded to one another. To simplify the production method and make it cheaper, the upper piston part is forged using the method of hot forming and of cold calibration, to finish it to such an extent that further processing of the combustion bowl and of the upper cooling channel regions can be eliminated.

Multi-Fuel Engine

Abstract: Internal combustion engines and methods of operating an internal combustion engine are provided. The engine may include double-ended pistons such that power strokes can be applied to drive the double-ended piston in both directions along the axis along which the piston reciprocates. In some engines, multiple pistons may be connected to a single piston shaft and arranged inline such that the motion thereof is in the same direction at all times along the piston axis of motion. In one engine, the double-ended piston divides a cavity of the engine block or cylinder wall into two separate compression chambers. Each compression chamber has its own fuel inlet. Each fuel inlet is coupled to a different fuel source such that one fuel may be combusted in one of the compression chambers and a different fuel is combusted in the other one of the compression chambers.

An Experimental Study for Performance and Emissions of a Small Four-Stroke SI Engine For Modern Motorcycle

Abstract: The performance and emissions of a spark-ignited, port-injected, gasoline-fuelled, water-cooled, small-size modern motorcycle engine were investigated. For this purpose, an experimental test-rig was built up utilizing a small motorcycle engine for carrying out the practical tests. Experimental tests were performed for a range of engine speeds, various air-fuel ratios with a WOT condition and fixed timing of injection and ignition events. The experimental test-rig results consist of torque, power, brake mean effective pressure (bmep), AFR and emissions of the exhaust gas for various engine-dynamometer speeds. The accuracy of the test-rig measurement was verified by comparing both torque and brake power with benchmark data, which appear in the motorcycle technical manual. The acquired results indicated that conservation of the conventional mode of small engine characteristics is the distinctive impression for the tested engine. Further achievements are planned based on utilizing the developed test-rig and the attractive potential of a dual-fuel technique for reducing emissions and producing acceptable levels of torque and power.

Design, Analysis and Optimization of Three Aluminium Piston Alloys Using FEA

Abstract: This paper describes the stress distribution and thermal stresses of three different aluminum alloys piston by using finite element method (FEM). The parameters used for the simulation are operating gas pressure, temperature and material properties of piston. The specifications used for the study of these pistons belong to four stroke single cylinder engine of Bajaj Kawasaki motorcycle. This paper illustrates the procedure for analytical design of three aluminum alloy pistons using specifications of four stroke single cylinder engine of Bajaj Kawasaki motorcycle. The results predict the maximum stress and critical region on the different aluminum alloy pistons using FEA. It is important to locate the critical area of concentrated stress for appropriate modifications. Static and thermal stress analysis is performed by using ANSYS 12.1. The best aluminum alloy material is selected based on stress analysis results. The analysis results are used to optimize piston geometry of best aluminum alloy.

Optimal motion trajectory for the four-stroke free-piston enginewith irreversible Miller cycle via a Gauss pseudospectral method

Abstract: Abstract A four-stroke free-piston engine with internal and external irreversibilities of finite combustion rate of the fuel, heat transfer and friction is investigated in this paper. Under the condition of the fixed fuel consumption per cycle, the optimal piston motion trajectory for maximizing the net work output of different cases is derived by applying optimal control theory. Considering the path constraints and boundary conditions of this free-piston Miller cycle, a Gauss pseudospectral method (GPM) is presented for solving optimal motion trajectory. The results show that the optimal piston trajectory improves the efficiency by more than 10% and also suitably reduces the heat transfer losses compared to the conventional piston motion. By optimizing the piston motion around the top dead center (TDC), the in-cylinder gas pressure and temperature have a remarkable improvement while the heat transfer losses have a suitable reduction. The effects of other parameters, such as combustion duration and the frictional coefficient on the piston trajectory, are also investigated. It is shown that optimizing the piston motion trajectory is a good approach for the free-piston engine to improve the efficiency and it can provide guidelines for the optimal control of the practical free-piston engine.

Optimization of NOx Emission from Soya Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine using Cetane Improver (DTBP)

Abstract: Within the depleting resources of fossil fuels and the increase in their price, in the recent past a lot of interest has been given to the use of plant oil specially the non-edible oil and its ester (biodiesel). Although the use of biodiesel in place of diesel has resulted in much lesser tail pipe emission, a substantial increase of NOx is reported by several researchers. It may be due to low cetane number and fuel radical’s formation during the combustion. Literature reported that mixing of an antiNOx additive, such as di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) in the bio-diesel before feeding to the nozzle, may reduce the NOx concentration in the CI engine emission. Considering this, a study was conducted on single cylinder four stroke diesel engines using blended soya methyl ester (B50) to optimize the NOx emission with the addition of DTBP cetane improver. The engine was first run on petroleum diesel (B0), followed by B50 and combination of B50 and DTBT. A number of combinations, 50% biodiesel (B50) and 50% petroleum diesel along with di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBT) such as B50/D0.5, B50/D1.0, B50/D1.5, B50/D2.0, B50/D2.5 and B50/D3, were used in this study. For each test, engine performance and emission were measured. The addition of cetane improver could reduce the NOx emission significantly with the penalty of BSFC, CO and unburned hydrocarbon. The addition of DTBP by volumes of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% to B50, the NOx reduction was found as 3.57, 5.0, 5.0, 4.29, 4.88 and 4.9%, respectively as compared to B50 without additive. It was also noted that CO and SOx reduce up to 25% and 33.33%, respectively, compared with petroleum diesel when 1% of DTBP is used. Considering the emission parameters, and the cost of the additive, 1% DTBP would give the optimum results for NOx reduction.