Showing papers on "Four-stroke engine published in 2016"

Experimental investigation into effects of addition of zinc oxide on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends in CI engine

Abstract: This study is to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nano particle addition to diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends. Solubility tests were done for the fuels at three different temperatures. Out of eighteen blends, six blends were stable at 5 °C, 15 °C and above 25 °C. Out of the six blends, two blends were checked for properties as per ASTM standards. One of them was chosen for testing the performance, combustion and emission characteristics in a diesel engine. In the same blend, zinc oxide was added in the amount of 250 ppm. Property testing of the blended fuel indicated that there was an increase in calorific value due to addition of nano particle. The performance tests were conducted on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. For the blend containing zinc oxide, there was an increase in BSFC, HRR and cylinder pressure. Also, there was a decrease in BTE, NOx and smoke, as compared to diesel. The addition of zinc oxide nano particles increased the BTE and decreased the BSFC as compared with the biodiesel diesel ethanol blend at full load. This study gives a direction to utilize the renewable fuel to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel.

Experimental investigation of a diesel engine with methyl ester of mango seed oil and diesel blends

Abstract: Petroleum based fuels worldwide have not only resulted in the rapid depletion of conventional energy sources, but have also caused severe air pollution. The search for an alternate fuel has led to many findings due to which a wide variety of alternative fuels are available at our disposal now. The existing studies have revealed the use of vegetable oils for engines as an alternative for diesel fuel. However, there is a limitation in using straight vegetable oils in diesel engines due to their high viscosity and low volatility. In the present work, neat mango seed oil is converted into their respective methyl ester through transesterification process. Experiments are conducted using various blends of methyl ester of mango seed oil with diesel in a single cylinder, four stroke vertical and air cooled Kirloskar diesel engine. The experimental results of this study showed that the MEMSO biodiesel has similar characteristics to those of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency, unburned hydrocarbon and smoke density are observed to be lower in case of MEMSO biodiesel blends than diesel. The CO emission for B25, B50 and B75 is observed to be lower than diesel at full load, whereas for B100 it is higher at all loads. On the other hand, BSFC and NOx of MEMSO biodiesel blends are found to be higher than diesel. It is found that the combustion characteristics of all blends of methyl ester of mango seed oil showed similar trends with those of the baseline diesel. From this study, it is concluded that optimized blend is B25 and could be used as a viable alternative fuel in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine without any modifications.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a semi-adiabatic diesel engine using cotton seed and neem kernel oil methyl esters

Abstract: The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine are investigated using two methyl esters: One obtained from cotton seed oil and other from neem kernel oil. These two oils are transesterified using methanol and alkaline catalyst to produce the cotton seed oil methyl ester (CSOME) and neem kernel oil methyl ester (NKOME) respectively. These biodiesels are used as alternative fuels in low heat rejection engine (LHR), in which the combustion chamber temperature is increased by thermal barrier coating on piston face. Experimental investigations are conducted with CSOME and NKOME in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection LHR engine. It is found that, at peak load the brake thermal efficiency is lower by 5.91% and 7.07% and BSFC is higher by 28.57% and 10.71% for CSOME and NKOME in LHR engine, respectively when compared with conventional diesel fuel used in normal engine. It is also seen that there is an increase in NOx emission in LHR engine along with slight increase in CO, smoke and HC emissions. From the combustion characteristics, it is found that the values of cylinder pressure for CSOME and NKOME in LHR engine are near to the diesel fuel in normal engine.

Effect of diethyl ether in a DI diesel engine run on a tyre derived fuel-diesel blend

Abstract: In this investigation, the effects of adding small quantities of an ignition improver to a tyre derived fuel-diesel blend on the combustion, performance and emission parameters of a small powered, direct injection (DI) diesel engine have been evaluated. For this purpose, 40% light fraction pyrolysis oil (LFPO) obtained from a pilot level tyre pyrolysis plant blended with 60% diesel fuel, and designated as 40LFPO was used as a test fuel. The cetane number of 40LFPO was lesser than that of diesel, and hence, 1–4% Diethyl ether (DEE) was blended with it to improve the ignition quality. Four different 40LFPO-DEE blends denoted by X1, X2, X3 and X4 were tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, DI diesel engine, with a developing power of 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm. The numeric value after the letter indicates the percentage of DEE in the blend. The experimental results were compared with those of diesel operation at different load conditions. The investigation results indicated that, the ignition delay was found to reduce with the 40LFPO blend as the percentage of DEE increased. The 4% DEE addition to 40LFPO (X4) gave better performance and lower emissions than those of X1, X2 and X3 at full load. The brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of X4 was lower by about 6% than that of diesel operation at full load. The NO emission of X4 was lower by about 25% than that of diesel operation at full load.

Investigation of DI-CI four-stroke VCR engine at different static injection timings using biofuel derived from non-edible oil source as a fuel

Abstract: This paper presents the effect of static fuel injection timings and blends of biodiesel with conventional diesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a DI-CI VCR engine. Blends of Honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and diesel was used as fuel. The default value of static injection timing of the engine was 23° bTDC (before top dead centre). Injection timing was retarded and advanced from default value by 4° bTDC. Experiments were conducted at three levels of timings using the blends B20, B40, B60, B80 and B100 (pure HnOME). Conventional diesel was used as a reference fuel. The decrease in brake thermal efficiency for B20, B40, B60, B80 and HnOME compared to diesel at 19° bTDC were 5.4, 15.7, 13, 10 and 2.9% respectively. Brake thermal efficiency decreased by 4.2, 15.7, 13.5, 10.15 and 2.96% for B20, B40, B60, B80 and HnOME respectively compared to diesel at 27° bTDC. Nitric oxide emissions reduced for both advanced and retarded timings, but the reduction was more for retarded timing. Smok...

Experimental investigation on the role of indigenous carbon nanotube emulsified fuel in a four-stroke diesel engine

Abstract: Effect of carbon nanotube emulsified fuel in a single-cylinder water-cooled four-stroke diesel engine was studied. CNT were produced by indigenous flame synthesis method. Water diesel emulsion was ...

Thermodynamic analysis of a diesel engine fueled with diesel and peanut biodiesel

Abstract: This study deals with energy and exergy analyses of a four stroke, four cylinders, naturally aspirated, direct-injected diesel engine fueled with diesel and peanut biodiesel. Energetic and exergetic performance parameters of the engine for each fuel were computed and compared with each other. The effect of varying dead state temperatures on exergetic parameters was also investigated. It is concluded that peanut biodiesel indicated similar performance with diesel fuel in terms of the energy and exergy efficiencies. Energy efficiencies of the engine fueled with diesel and peanut biodiesel were determined to be 35.26% and 34.37% while the corresponding exergy efficiencies were calculated to be 33.09% and 32.02%, respectively. The exergy efficiency values for fuels decreased from 35.39 to 31.34% with increasing the dead state temperature from 0 to 35°C. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2015

Performance and Emission of VCR-CI Engine with palm kernel and eucalyptus blends

Abstract: Summary This study aims at complete replacement of conventional diesel fuel by biodiesel. In order to achieve that, palm kernel oil and eucalyptus oil blend has been chosen. Eucalyptus oil was blended with methyl ester of palm kernel oil in 5%, 10% and 15% by volume. Tests were conducted with diesel fuel and blends on a 4 stroke VCR diesel engine for comparative analysis with 220 bar injection pressure and 19:1 compression ratio. All the test fuels were used in computerized 4 stroke single cylinder variable compression ratio engine at five different loads (0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 N m). Present investigation depicts the improved combustion and reduced emissions for the PKO85% + EuO15% blend when compared to diesel at full load conditions.

Parametric analysis of a 4-stroke GDI engine using CFD

Abstract: The present study focuses on the evaluation of the effect of engine parameters on the characteristics of a GDI engine by CFD analysis. The analysis was carried out at three engine speeds (2000, 3000, and 4000 rev/min), at three compression ratios (10, 11, and 12) and at three fuel injection pressures (200, 300, and 400 bar). The overall equivalence ratio of the in-cylinder mixture was maintained at 0.75 in all the above cases. Finally, it is observed that, the turbulent kinetic energy and tumble ratio were more sensitive to the engine speed than to other parameters. The fuel injection pressure was found to play a vital role in obtaining combustible mixture near the spark plug at the time of spark. In addition, a low heat release rate occurred at the engine speed of 4000 rev/min compression ratio of 10 and fuel injection pressure of 200 bar.

DI diesel engine operated with carbon-black-water-diesel slurry at different injection timing and nozzle opening pressure

Abstract: Carbon black (CB) is one of the products obtained from waste tyre recycling plant and possesses considerable energy in it. In this investigation, the CB was used as an energy source in a diesel engine. An emulsion CBWD10 containing 10% CB, 3% Water, 2% Surfactant and 85% Diesel in it on volume basis was used as an alternative fuel in a single cylinder, four stroke, DI diesel engine. The engine behaviour in terms of combustion, performance, and emission was evaluated by varying the injection timing and nozzle opening pressure. Results indicated that the maximum heat release rate of 57.7 J/°CA was recorded with the CBWD10 emulsion at 220 bar with 26 bTDC, which was higher by about 5.38% than that of diesel fuel at full load. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of the engine fuelled with the emulsion was maximum higher by about of 4% at an advanced injection timing of 26°bTDC and 220 bar nozzle opening pressure. The results also indicated that the CBWD10 emulsion at all injection timings and nozzle opening pressures exhibited the NO emissions lower by about 16–42% than that of diesel operation at full load.

Numerical investigation of the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel - biodiesel - methanol blends

Abstract: A numerical simulation has been conducted in this study to evaluate the effect of methanol addition to the blend of diesel and palm streain biodiesel. Also the effect of diesel-palm streain biodiesel blend has been considered and compared to that of baseline fuel, diesel and palm biodiesel. A commercial software Diesel-RK has been used in this study to simulate a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, direct injection, four stroke diesel engine. The results indicate that except a minor increase in the brake specific fuel consumption, the entire performance and emission characteristics with methanol blended diesel-biodiesel blends are much better than that of diesel. The dieselbiodiesel blend also shows better emission characteristics than that of diesel except NOx emission.

Vibration Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Sunflower and Canola Biodiesels

Abstract: Biodiesel is one of the most popular alternative fuels. The usage of biodiesel is increasing day by day. Therefore, all effects of biodiesel on internal combustion engines must be known. In this study, vibration effect of canola (rapeseed), sunflower biodiesel and their blends with low sulphur diesel fuel was investigated. Fuels were tested in a four cylinder four stroke diesel engine at 1300, 1600, 1900, 2200, 2500 and 2800 rpm engine speed. The results showed that with the use of biodiesel blend with low sulphur diesel fuel up to 40% proportions, vibration values get significantly lower at all engine speed. The least vibration value for most of the fuel was observed with the use of 60% biodiesel blend. The results were also individually interpreted in longitude, vertical and lateral axes.

Mixed lubrication of piston compression ring with deformed cylinder liner during warm-up of spark ignition engine:

Abstract: Emerging clearances caused by out-of-round cylinder bores alter the tribological performance of piston compression rings. This change in performance intensifies during engine warm-up. To analyze the development of tribo-characteristics, a 2D mixed lubrication model is considered in the simulation of piston ring conjunction with a distorted bore during the entire warm-up period of a four-stroke spark ignition engine. Piston ring axial dynamics and conformability analyses are incorporated in the simulation. Oil film thickness, frictional loss, asperity interaction, and lubricant flow to the combustion chamber are investigated. The effect of the magnitude of bore distortion on ring conformability, oil transport, and energy loss per warm-up is also evaluated. Variations in oil transport and energy loss per warm-up per unit change in bore distortion are subsequently analyzed. Results show that despite the high film thickness, frictional losses remain substantially high during the initial warm-up phase. An unev...

Impact of methanol-gasoline fuel blend on the fuel consumption and exhaust emission of a SI engine

Abstract: In this study, the effect of methanol-gasoline fuel blend (M15, M30 and M50) on the fuel consumption and exhaust emission of a spark ignition engine (SI) were investigated. In the experiment, an engine four-cylinder, four stroke injection system (engine of Toyota Kijang Innova 1TR-FE) was used. Test were did to know the relation of fuel consumption and exhaust emission (CO, CO2, HC) were analyzed under the idle throttle operating condition and variable engine speed ranging from 1000 to 4000 rpm. The experimental result showed that the fuel consumption decrease with the use of methanol. It was also shown that the CO and HC emission were reduced with the increase methanol content while CO2 were increased.

Effect of injection timing, injector opening pressure, injector nozzle geometry, and swirl on the performance of a direct injection, compression-ignition engine fuelled with honge oil methyl ester (HOME)

Abstract: Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving feasible technology and recurring energy crisis necessitated a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this investigation, Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) was used in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effect of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of CI engine fuelled with HOME. Injection timing was varied from 19°bTDC (before top dead centre) to 27°bTDC in incremental steps of 4°bTDC; injector opening pressure was varied from 210 bar to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, each of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that retarded injection timing of 19°bTDC, increased injector opening pressure of 230 bar and 4 hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions. Further air-fuel mixing was improved using swirl induced techniques which enhanced the engine performance as well.

Numerical study of a marine dual-fuel four-stroke engine

Abstract: Continuously increasing environmental demands in conjunction with the planned strong penetration of the LNG, render the use of LNG as an attractive alternative marine fuel. In this framework, the traditional ship propulsion plants based on Diesel engines running with HFO, should be revisited and compared to the more efficient and environmentally friendly propulsion systems that use dual fuel engines. The present study deals with the computational investigation of a marine four-stroke dual fuel (DF) engine, in both diesel and DF mode operation. The engine model was set up in a commercial software and used to compare the performance and emissions of the investigated engine operation at steady state conditions. The engine diesel mode was initially set up and the model was calibrated to adequately represent the engine operation. Subsequently, the engine dual fuel model was set up by considering the injection of two different fuels; methane and pilot diesel fuel. The derived results were analysed for revealing the differences of the engine performance and emissions at each engine mode. In addition, the turbocharger matching at each mode is investigated revealing the challenges due to the completely different air-fuel ratio strategies used in diesel and dual fuel modes, re-spectively.